Hendra virus 63330 Hendra virus disease Hendra virus (HeV) is a highly pathogenic paramyxoviruses that continues to cause morbidity and mortality in animals and humans. Flying foxes in the genus Pteropus are considered to be the natural reservoir for both viruses and their geographic distribution encompasses all locations where HeV outbreaks have occurred. HeV has appeared sporadically in Australia since 1994 where infection has been predominantly in horses, although human infection has also occurred (McEachern et al., 2008). Hendra virus (formerly called equine morbillivirus) is a member of the family Paramyxoviridae. The virus was first isolated in 1994 from specimens obtained during an outbreak of respiratory and neurologic disease in horses and humans in Hendra, a suburb of Brisbane, Australia. The natural reservoir for Hendra virus is thought to be flying foxes (bats of the genus Pteropus) found in Australia. Only three human cases of Hendra virus disease have been recognized. Two of the three individuals known to be infected had a respiratory illness with severe flu-like signs and symptoms. One of the three Hendra virus infections was marked by a delayed onset of progressive encephalitis and two of the three human patients infected with Hendra virus died (CDC: Hendra virus). Baboon Papio cynocephalus 9556 Bank vole Clethrionomys glareolus 447135 Bear Ursus americanus 9643 Birds Passeroidea 175121 Brown Trout Salmo trutta 8032 Buffalo Bison bison 9901 Carnivores Vulpes 9625 Cat Felis catus 9685 Catfishes Siluriformes 7995 Cattle Bos taurus 9913 Chicken Gallus gallus 9031 Chimpanzee Pan troglodytes 9598 chinchillas Chinchillidae 10150 Copper Pheasant Syrmaticus soemmerringii 9067 Deer Cervus elaphus 9860 Deer mouse Peromyscus maniculatus 10042 Dog Canis familiaris 9615 Ducks Anas 8835 Ferret Mustela putorius furo 9669 Fish Hyperotreti 117565 Gerbil Gerbillina 10045 Goat Capra hircus 9925 Gray wolf Canis lupus 9612 Guinea pig Cavia porcellus 10141 Hamster Mesocricetus auratus 10036 Horse Equus caballus 9796 Human Homo sapiens 9606 Macaque Macaca fascicularis 9541 Mongolian Gerbil Meriones unguiculatus 10047 Monkey Platyrrhini 9479 Mouse Mus musculus 10090 None None Parrot Psittacidae 9224 Pig Sus scrofa 9823 Rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus 9986 Rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss 8022 Rat Rattus 10114 Raven Corvus corax 56781 sei whale Balaenoptera borealis 9768 Sheep Ovis aries 9940 Squirrel Spermophilus richardsonii 37591 Tree shrew Tupaiidae 9393 Trouts, salmons & chars Salmoninae 504568 Turkey Meleagris gallopavo 9103 Vole Microtus ochrogaster 79684 Water buffalo Bubalus bubalis 391902 Hendra virus G protein vaccine VO_0011409 Subunit vaccine Research Intramuscular injection (i.m.) CpG Intramuscular injection (i.m.) Hendra virus G glycoprotein Recombinant protein preparation CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) 2007 (TCGTCGTTGTCGTTTTGTCGTT) containing a fully phosphorothioate backbone was purchased from Coley Pharmaceutical Group (Wellesley, MA, USA) and Allhydrogel™ was purchased from Accurate Chemical & Scientific Corporation (Westbury, NY, USA). Vaccine doses containing fixed amount of ODN 2007, varying amounts of sGHeV and aluminum ion (at a weight ratio of 1:25) were formulated as follows: 50 μg dose: 50 μg sGHeV, 1.25 mg aluminum ion and 150 μg of ODN 2007; 25 μg dose: 25 μg sGHeV, 625 μg aluminum ion and 150 μg of ODN 2007; and 5 μg dose: 5 μg sGHeV, 125 μg aluminum ion and 150 μg of ODN 2007. For all doses, Allhydrogel™ and sGHeV were mixed first before ODN 2007 was added. Each vaccine dose was adjusted to 1 ml with PBS and mixtures were incubated on a rotating wheel at room temperature for at least 2–3 h prior to injection (McEachern et al., 2008). Eight adult cats were immunised intramuscularly with vaccine preparations on day 0 and on day 21. Each cat received the same 1 ml dose for both prime and boost injections. All vaccine doses were given via intramuscular injection. Two animals received 50 μg doses (cat 29-50 and cat 30-50), two animals received 25 μg doses (cat 31-25 and cat 32-25), two animals received 5 μg doses (cat 33-5 and cat 34-5) and two animals received adjuvant-alone (cat 27-0 and cat 28-0). Each dose group contained one male and one female cat (McEachern et al., 2008). A subunit vaccine formulation containing only recombinant, soluble, attachment glycoprotein G from HeV (sG(HeV)) and CpG adjuvant was evaluated as a potential NiV vaccine in the cat model. Upon oronasal challenge with NiV (50,000TCID50), all vaccinated cats were protected from disease although virus was detected on day 21 post-challenge in one animal (McEachern et al., 2008). On day 42, all animals were inoculated oronasally with 50,000 TCID50 of a low passage NiV isolate (EUKK 19817; stock virus titre 4.3 × 106 TCID50/ml) prepared as described previously [29]. Cats were assessed daily and scored out of 10 for a range of clinical observations, including alertness, grooming behavior, curiosity, depression, food consumption, faeces production and respiration rate (McEachern et al., 2008). licensed Hendra virus disease human vaccine Generic Unknown VO_0012170 Subunit vaccine Licensed A generic representation of vaccines utilized to prevent Hendra virus disease in humans, typically based on purified viral proteins such as the G glycoprotein subunit. These vaccines aim to induce protective immunity without using live or whole virus particles. G glycoprotein Hendra henipavirus VO_0011310 1446471 29468607 Hvgp5 AF017149 NP_047112 2X9M 63330 8679 11242 + glycoprotein 7.51 63419.1 604 >NC_001906.3:8679-11242 Hendra virus, complete genome TAGGACCCAAGTCCTTAACCACATTCTAATGTGAGGGAGAATTAAATGTACATTGAGACTGACAATCTAA TATACAGAGTGTTTGATCAAGTTAAAACATCAATTGTCAGGAATTCATTGATAAACCAACTTGTTAGTTA GAATTAAGAAAATATAAGAGCTAATACTCGCAAGTCATTTGCTTCTTCAAGAGCCTGTCTCAACTATCAA GTGAATACATGATCTAAAACTAGTATGATGGCTGATTCCAAATTGGTAAGCCTGAACAATAATCTATCTG GTAAAATCAAGGATCAAGGTAAAGTTATCAAGAATTATTACGGCACAATGGACATCAAGAAAATTAACGA TGGGTTATTAGATAGTAAGATACTTGGGGCGTTTAACACAGTGATAGCTTTGTTGGGATCAATCATCATC ATTGTGATGAATATCATGATAATTCAAAATTACACCAGAACGACTGATAATCAGGCACTAATCAAAGAGT CACTCCAGAGTGTACAGCAACAAATCAAAGCTTTAACAGACAAAATCGGGACAGAGATAGGCCCCAAAGT CTCACTAATTGACACATCCAGCACCATCACAATTCCTGCTAACATAGGGTTACTGGGATCCAAGATAAGT CAGTCTACCAGCAGTATTAATGAGAATGTTAACGATAAATGCAAATTTACTCTTCCTCCTTTAAAGATTC ATGAGTGTAATATCTCTTGTCCGAATCCTTTGCCTTTCAGAGAATACCGACCAATCTCACAAGGGGTGAG TGATCTTGTAGGACTGCCGAACCAGATCTGTCTACAGAAGACAACATCAACAATCTTAAAGCCCAGGCTG ATATCCTATACTCTACCAATTAATACCAGAGAAGGGGTTTGCATCACTGACCCACTTTTGGCTGTTGATA ATGGCTTCTTCGCCTATAGCCATCTTGAAAAGATCGGATCATGTACTAGAGGAATTGCAAAACAAAGGAT AATAGGGGTGGGTGAGGTATTGGATAGGGGTGATAAGGTGCCATCAATGTTTATGACCAATGTTTGGACA CCACCCAATCCAAGCACCATCCATCATTGCAGCTCAACTTACCATGAAGATTTTTATTACACATTGTGCG CAGTGTCCCATGTGGGAGATCCTATCCTTAACAGTACTTCCTGGACAGAGTCACTGTCTCTGATTCGTCT TGCTGTAAGACCAAAAAGTGATAGTGGAGACTACAATCAGAAATACATCGCTATAACTAAAGTTGAAAGA GGGAAGTACGATAAGGTGATGCCTTACGGTCCATCAGGTATCAAGCAAGGGGATACATTGTACTTTCCGG CCGTCGGTTTTTTGCCAAGGACCGAATTTCAATATAATGACTCTAATTGTCCCATAATTCATTGCAAGTA CAGCAAAGCAGAAAACTGTAGGCTTTCAATGGGTGTCAACTCCAAAAGTCATTATATTTTGAGATCAGGA CTATTGAAGTATAATCTATCTCTTGGAGGAGACATCATACTCCAATTTATCGAGATTGCTGACAATAGAT TGACCATCGGTTCTCCTAGTAAGATATACAATTCCCTAGGTCAACCCGTTTTCTACCAGGCATCATATTC TTGGGATACGATGATTAAATTAGGCGATGTTGATACCGTTGACCCTCTAAGAGTACAGTGGAGAAATAAC AGTGTGATTTCTAGACCTGGACAGTCACAGTGTCCTCGATTTAATGTCTGTCCCGAGGTATGCTGGGAAG GGACATATAATGATGCTTTTCTAATAGACCGGCTAAACTGGGTTAGTGCTGGTGTTTATTTAAACAGTAA CCAAACTGCAGAGAACCCTGTGTTTGCCGTATTCAAGGATAACGAGATCCTTTACCAAGTTCCACTGGCT GAAGATGACACAAATGCACAAAAAACCATCACAGATTGCTTCTTGCTGGAGAATGTCATATGGTGTATAT CACTAGTAGAAATATACGATACAGGAGACAGTGTGATAAGGCCAAAACTATTTGCAGTCAAGATACCTGC CCAATGTTCAGAGAGTTGATTGACCAAAAGAGCAATAAATATTATATTATAATTATATCAGTCAAATTGT AAACATCCTTCTTATAATATACTCAAAAAATTAAAAATTCCCCCAAGAAAATACTAAATGTAATCAAACT CAATAAACCCTGAAATATTGATAGTTTACAGAGATCATATGACTCTTTGTATAATTCTTTATAGAACTCC TAAATATCAAAGAGCGATAAACTTGCTACCCTGTACACTTAAAGCAGATACTGTGATTAACTCTGTAAGT TTATCAGATAATCCTATTAGTGACATACTGAGGGTTATTCTTGTATAATTCTTCTGAAGATGTGATTACA GATAATCTTTCAATCTAGTCAAGTAAGCCTGATTTCCTAATTATAATCTCCCTCTTAGGAGAAGGAGAAC GTATCAATGTTCACTATATACTAAGTCTTTTATTTTAAATTTTTCTTATTGTCTTCAGATGAGCCTTATT ACTTCATCTCATCAGATTATAAATTTTCTAATAAATTAAGAAAA >NP_047112.2 glycoprotein [Hendra henipavirus] MMADSKLVSLNNNLSGKIKDQGKVIKNYYGTMDIKKINDGLLDSKILGAFNTVIALLGSIIIIVMNIMII QNYTRTTDNQALIKESLQSVQQQIKALTDKIGTEIGPKVSLIDTSSTITIPANIGLLGSKISQSTSSINE NVNDKCKFTLPPLKIHECNISCPNPLPFREYRPISQGVSDLVGLPNQICLQKTTSTILKPRLISYTLPIN TREGVCITDPLLAVDNGFFAYSHLEKIGSCTRGIAKQRIIGVGEVLDRGDKVPSMFMTNVWTPPNPSTIH HCSSTYHEDFYYTLCAVSHVGDPILNSTSWTESLSLIRLAVRPKSDSGDYNQKYIAITKVERGKYDKVMP YGPSGIKQGDTLYFPAVGFLPRTEFQYNDSNCPIIHCKYSKAENCRLSMGVNSKSHYILRSGLLKYNLSL GGDIILQFIEIADNRLTIGSPSKIYNSLGQPVFYQASYSWDTMIKLGDVDTVDPLRVQWRNNSVISRPGQ SQCPRFNVCPEVCWEGTYNDAFLIDRLNWVSAGVYLNSNQTAENPVFAVFKDNEILYQVPLAEDDTNAQK TITDCFLLENVIWCISLVEIYDTGDSVIRPKLFAVKIPAQCSES Protective antigen A subunit vaccine formulation containing only recombinant, soluble, attachment glycoprotein G from HeV (sG(HeV)) and CpG adjuvant was evaluated as a potential NiV vaccine in the cat model. Upon oronasal challenge with NiV (50,000TCID50), all vaccinated cats were protected from disease although virus was detected on day 21 post-challenge in one animal [Ref1370:McEachern et al., 2008]. CDC: Hendra virus website http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/spb/mnpages/dispages/nipah.htm McEachern et al., 2008 journal McEachern JA, Bingham J, Crameri G, Green DJ, Hancock TJ, Middleton D, Feng YR, Broder CC, Wang LF, Bossart KN 2008 26 31 3842-3852 Vaccine