Hendra virus
63330
Hendra virus disease
Hendra virus (HeV) is a highly pathogenic paramyxoviruses that continues to cause morbidity and mortality in animals and humans. Flying foxes in the genus Pteropus are considered to be the natural reservoir for both viruses and their geographic distribution encompasses all locations where HeV outbreaks have occurred. HeV has appeared sporadically in Australia since 1994 where infection has been predominantly in horses, although human infection has also occurred (McEachern et al., 2008).
Hendra virus (formerly called equine morbillivirus) is a member of the family Paramyxoviridae. The virus was first isolated in 1994 from specimens obtained during an outbreak of respiratory and neurologic disease in horses and humans in Hendra, a suburb of Brisbane, Australia. The natural reservoir for Hendra virus is thought to be flying foxes (bats of the genus Pteropus) found in Australia.
Only three human cases of Hendra virus disease have been recognized. Two of the three individuals known to be infected had a respiratory illness with severe flu-like signs and symptoms. One of the three Hendra virus infections was marked by a delayed onset of progressive encephalitis and two of the three human patients infected with Hendra virus died (CDC: Hendra virus).
Baboon
Papio cynocephalus
9556
Bank vole
Clethrionomys glareolus
447135
Bear
Ursus americanus
9643
Birds
Passeroidea
175121
Brown Trout
Salmo trutta
8032
Buffalo
Bison bison
9901
Carnivores
Vulpes
9625
Cat
Felis catus
9685
Catfishes
Siluriformes
7995
Cattle
Bos taurus
9913
Chicken
Gallus gallus
9031
Chimpanzee
Pan troglodytes
9598
chinchillas
Chinchillidae
10150
Copper Pheasant
Syrmaticus soemmerringii
9067
Deer
Cervus elaphus
9860
Deer mouse
Peromyscus maniculatus
10042
Dog
Canis familiaris
9615
Ducks
Anas
8835
Ferret
Mustela putorius furo
9669
Fish
Hyperotreti
117565
Gerbil
Gerbillina
10045
Goat
Capra hircus
9925
Gray wolf
Canis lupus
9612
Guinea pig
Cavia porcellus
10141
Hamster
Mesocricetus auratus
10036
Horse
Equus caballus
9796
Human
Homo sapiens
9606
Macaque
Macaca fascicularis
9541
Mongolian Gerbil
Meriones unguiculatus
10047
Monkey
Platyrrhini
9479
Mouse
Mus musculus
10090
None
None
Parrot
Psittacidae
9224
Pig
Sus scrofa
9823
Rabbit
Oryctolagus cuniculus
9986
Rainbow trout
Oncorhynchus mykiss
8022
Rat
Rattus
10114
Raven
Corvus corax
56781
sei whale
Balaenoptera borealis
9768
Sheep
Ovis aries
9940
Squirrel
Spermophilus richardsonii
37591
Tree shrew
Tupaiidae
9393
Trouts, salmons & chars
Salmoninae
504568
Turkey
Meleagris gallopavo
9103
Vole
Microtus ochrogaster
79684
Water buffalo
Bubalus bubalis
391902
Hendra virus G protein vaccine
VO_0011409
Subunit vaccine
Research
Intramuscular injection (i.m.)
CpG
Intramuscular injection (i.m.)
Hendra virus G glycoprotein
Recombinant protein preparation
CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) 2007 (TCGTCGTTGTCGTTTTGTCGTT) containing a fully phosphorothioate backbone was purchased from Coley Pharmaceutical Group (Wellesley, MA, USA) and Allhydrogel™ was purchased from Accurate Chemical & Scientific Corporation (Westbury, NY, USA). Vaccine doses containing fixed amount of ODN 2007, varying amounts of sGHeV and aluminum ion (at a weight ratio of 1:25) were formulated as follows: 50 μg dose: 50 μg sGHeV, 1.25 mg aluminum ion and 150 μg of ODN 2007; 25 μg dose: 25 μg sGHeV, 625 μg aluminum ion and 150 μg of ODN 2007; and 5 μg dose: 5 μg sGHeV, 125 μg aluminum ion and 150 μg of ODN 2007. For all doses, Allhydrogel™ and sGHeV were mixed first before ODN 2007 was added. Each vaccine dose was adjusted to 1 ml with PBS and mixtures were incubated on a rotating wheel at room temperature for at least 2–3 h prior to injection (McEachern et al., 2008).
Eight adult cats were immunised intramuscularly with vaccine preparations on day 0 and on day 21. Each cat received the same 1 ml dose for both prime and boost injections. All vaccine doses were given via intramuscular injection. Two animals received 50 μg doses (cat 29-50 and cat 30-50), two animals received 25 μg doses (cat 31-25 and cat 32-25), two animals received 5 μg doses (cat 33-5 and cat 34-5) and two animals received adjuvant-alone (cat 27-0 and cat 28-0). Each dose group contained one male and one female cat (McEachern et al., 2008).
A subunit vaccine formulation containing only recombinant, soluble, attachment glycoprotein G from HeV (sG(HeV)) and CpG adjuvant was evaluated as a potential NiV vaccine in the cat model. Upon oronasal challenge with NiV (50,000TCID50), all vaccinated cats were protected from disease although virus was detected on day 21 post-challenge in one animal (McEachern et al., 2008).
On day 42, all animals were inoculated oronasally with 50,000 TCID50 of a low passage NiV isolate (EUKK 19817; stock virus titre 4.3 × 106 TCID50/ml) prepared as described previously [29]. Cats were assessed daily and scored out of 10 for a range of clinical observations, including alertness, grooming behavior, curiosity, depression, food consumption, faeces production and respiration rate (McEachern et al., 2008).
G glycoprotein
Hendra henipavirus
VO_0011310
1446471
29468607
Hvgp5
AF017149
NP_047112
2X9M
63330
8679
11242
+
glycoprotein
7.51
63419.1
604
>NC_001906.3:8679-11242 Hendra virus, complete genome
TAGGACCCAAGTCCTTAACCACATTCTAATGTGAGGGAGAATTAAATGTACATTGAGACTGACAATCTAA
TATACAGAGTGTTTGATCAAGTTAAAACATCAATTGTCAGGAATTCATTGATAAACCAACTTGTTAGTTA
GAATTAAGAAAATATAAGAGCTAATACTCGCAAGTCATTTGCTTCTTCAAGAGCCTGTCTCAACTATCAA
GTGAATACATGATCTAAAACTAGTATGATGGCTGATTCCAAATTGGTAAGCCTGAACAATAATCTATCTG
GTAAAATCAAGGATCAAGGTAAAGTTATCAAGAATTATTACGGCACAATGGACATCAAGAAAATTAACGA
TGGGTTATTAGATAGTAAGATACTTGGGGCGTTTAACACAGTGATAGCTTTGTTGGGATCAATCATCATC
ATTGTGATGAATATCATGATAATTCAAAATTACACCAGAACGACTGATAATCAGGCACTAATCAAAGAGT
CACTCCAGAGTGTACAGCAACAAATCAAAGCTTTAACAGACAAAATCGGGACAGAGATAGGCCCCAAAGT
CTCACTAATTGACACATCCAGCACCATCACAATTCCTGCTAACATAGGGTTACTGGGATCCAAGATAAGT
CAGTCTACCAGCAGTATTAATGAGAATGTTAACGATAAATGCAAATTTACTCTTCCTCCTTTAAAGATTC
ATGAGTGTAATATCTCTTGTCCGAATCCTTTGCCTTTCAGAGAATACCGACCAATCTCACAAGGGGTGAG
TGATCTTGTAGGACTGCCGAACCAGATCTGTCTACAGAAGACAACATCAACAATCTTAAAGCCCAGGCTG
ATATCCTATACTCTACCAATTAATACCAGAGAAGGGGTTTGCATCACTGACCCACTTTTGGCTGTTGATA
ATGGCTTCTTCGCCTATAGCCATCTTGAAAAGATCGGATCATGTACTAGAGGAATTGCAAAACAAAGGAT
AATAGGGGTGGGTGAGGTATTGGATAGGGGTGATAAGGTGCCATCAATGTTTATGACCAATGTTTGGACA
CCACCCAATCCAAGCACCATCCATCATTGCAGCTCAACTTACCATGAAGATTTTTATTACACATTGTGCG
CAGTGTCCCATGTGGGAGATCCTATCCTTAACAGTACTTCCTGGACAGAGTCACTGTCTCTGATTCGTCT
TGCTGTAAGACCAAAAAGTGATAGTGGAGACTACAATCAGAAATACATCGCTATAACTAAAGTTGAAAGA
GGGAAGTACGATAAGGTGATGCCTTACGGTCCATCAGGTATCAAGCAAGGGGATACATTGTACTTTCCGG
CCGTCGGTTTTTTGCCAAGGACCGAATTTCAATATAATGACTCTAATTGTCCCATAATTCATTGCAAGTA
CAGCAAAGCAGAAAACTGTAGGCTTTCAATGGGTGTCAACTCCAAAAGTCATTATATTTTGAGATCAGGA
CTATTGAAGTATAATCTATCTCTTGGAGGAGACATCATACTCCAATTTATCGAGATTGCTGACAATAGAT
TGACCATCGGTTCTCCTAGTAAGATATACAATTCCCTAGGTCAACCCGTTTTCTACCAGGCATCATATTC
TTGGGATACGATGATTAAATTAGGCGATGTTGATACCGTTGACCCTCTAAGAGTACAGTGGAGAAATAAC
AGTGTGATTTCTAGACCTGGACAGTCACAGTGTCCTCGATTTAATGTCTGTCCCGAGGTATGCTGGGAAG
GGACATATAATGATGCTTTTCTAATAGACCGGCTAAACTGGGTTAGTGCTGGTGTTTATTTAAACAGTAA
CCAAACTGCAGAGAACCCTGTGTTTGCCGTATTCAAGGATAACGAGATCCTTTACCAAGTTCCACTGGCT
GAAGATGACACAAATGCACAAAAAACCATCACAGATTGCTTCTTGCTGGAGAATGTCATATGGTGTATAT
CACTAGTAGAAATATACGATACAGGAGACAGTGTGATAAGGCCAAAACTATTTGCAGTCAAGATACCTGC
CCAATGTTCAGAGAGTTGATTGACCAAAAGAGCAATAAATATTATATTATAATTATATCAGTCAAATTGT
AAACATCCTTCTTATAATATACTCAAAAAATTAAAAATTCCCCCAAGAAAATACTAAATGTAATCAAACT
CAATAAACCCTGAAATATTGATAGTTTACAGAGATCATATGACTCTTTGTATAATTCTTTATAGAACTCC
TAAATATCAAAGAGCGATAAACTTGCTACCCTGTACACTTAAAGCAGATACTGTGATTAACTCTGTAAGT
TTATCAGATAATCCTATTAGTGACATACTGAGGGTTATTCTTGTATAATTCTTCTGAAGATGTGATTACA
GATAATCTTTCAATCTAGTCAAGTAAGCCTGATTTCCTAATTATAATCTCCCTCTTAGGAGAAGGAGAAC
GTATCAATGTTCACTATATACTAAGTCTTTTATTTTAAATTTTTCTTATTGTCTTCAGATGAGCCTTATT
ACTTCATCTCATCAGATTATAAATTTTCTAATAAATTAAGAAAA
>NP_047112.2 glycoprotein [Hendra henipavirus]
MMADSKLVSLNNNLSGKIKDQGKVIKNYYGTMDIKKINDGLLDSKILGAFNTVIALLGSIIIIVMNIMII
QNYTRTTDNQALIKESLQSVQQQIKALTDKIGTEIGPKVSLIDTSSTITIPANIGLLGSKISQSTSSINE
NVNDKCKFTLPPLKIHECNISCPNPLPFREYRPISQGVSDLVGLPNQICLQKTTSTILKPRLISYTLPIN
TREGVCITDPLLAVDNGFFAYSHLEKIGSCTRGIAKQRIIGVGEVLDRGDKVPSMFMTNVWTPPNPSTIH
HCSSTYHEDFYYTLCAVSHVGDPILNSTSWTESLSLIRLAVRPKSDSGDYNQKYIAITKVERGKYDKVMP
YGPSGIKQGDTLYFPAVGFLPRTEFQYNDSNCPIIHCKYSKAENCRLSMGVNSKSHYILRSGLLKYNLSL
GGDIILQFIEIADNRLTIGSPSKIYNSLGQPVFYQASYSWDTMIKLGDVDTVDPLRVQWRNNSVISRPGQ
SQCPRFNVCPEVCWEGTYNDAFLIDRLNWVSAGVYLNSNQTAENPVFAVFKDNEILYQVPLAEDDTNAQK
TITDCFLLENVIWCISLVEIYDTGDSVIRPKLFAVKIPAQCSES
Protective antigen
A subunit vaccine formulation containing only recombinant, soluble, attachment glycoprotein G from HeV (sG(HeV)) and CpG adjuvant was evaluated as a potential NiV vaccine in the cat model. Upon oronasal challenge with NiV (50,000TCID50), all vaccinated cats were protected from disease although virus was detected on day 21 post-challenge in one animal [Ref1370:McEachern et al., 2008].
CDC: Hendra virus
website
Hendra Virus Disease and Nipah Virus Encephalitis
http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/spb/mnpages/dispages/nipah.htm
McEachern et al., 2008
journal
McEachern JA, Bingham J, Crameri G, Green DJ, Hancock TJ, Middleton D, Feng YR, Broder CC, Wang LF, Bossart KN
A recombinant subunit vaccine formulation protects against lethal Nipah virus challenge in cats
2008
26
31
3842-3852
Vaccine