Cryptosporidium parvum 5807 Invasion of the apical tip of ileal enterocytes by sporozoites and merozoites causes pathology seen in the disease. Infection is generally self-limiting in immunocompetent people. In immunocompromised patients, such as those with AIDS or those undergoing immunosuppressive therapy, infection may not be self-limiting, leading to dehydration and, in severe cases, death (Wiki: Cryptosporidium parvum). Cryptosporidiosis Cryptosporidium sp. infection induces both cellular and humoral immune responses in infected hosts, but protection is mediated primarily through cellular immunity (Ehigiator et al., 2007). Cryptosporidiosis is an enteric diarrheal disease caused mainly by Cryptosporidium parvum, an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite of the intestinal epithelium that infects a variety of mammalian species, including rodents, livestock, and humans (Ehigiator et al., 2007). Cryptosporidium parvum is one of several species that cause cryptosporidiosis, a parasitic disease of the mammalian intestinal tract. Primary symptoms of C. parvum infection are acute, watery, and non-bloody diarrhoea. C. parvum infection is of particular concern in immunocompromised patients, where diarrhea can reach 10–15L per day. Other symptoms may include anorexia, nausea/vomiting and abdominal pain. Infection is caused by ingestion of sporulated oocysts transmitted by the fecal-oral route. In healthy human hosts, the median infective dose is 132 oocysts. The general C. parvum life cycle is shared by other members of the genus. Invasion of the apical tip of ileal enterocytes by sporozoites and merozoites causes pathology seen in the disease. Infection is generally self-limiting in immunocompetent people. In immunocompromised patients, such as those with AIDS or those undergoing immunosuppressive therapy, infection may not be self-limiting, leading to dehydration and, in severe cases, death. The diagnosis of C. parvum consists of serological tests and microscopic evaluation of oocysts in stools using Kinyoun acid-fast staining. C. parvum is considered to be the most important waterborne pathogen in developed countries. It is resistant to all practical levels of chlorination, surviving for 24hrs at 1000 mg/L free chlorine (Wiki: Cryptosporidium parvum). Baboon Papio cynocephalus 9556 Bank vole Clethrionomys glareolus 447135 Bear Ursus americanus 9643 Birds Passeroidea 175121 Brown Trout Salmo trutta 8032 Buffalo Bison bison 9901 Carnivores Vulpes 9625 Cat Felis catus 9685 Catfishes Siluriformes 7995 Cattle Bos taurus 9913 Chicken Gallus gallus 9031 Chimpanzee Pan troglodytes 9598 chinchillas Chinchillidae 10150 Copper Pheasant Syrmaticus soemmerringii 9067 Deer Cervus elaphus 9860 Deer mouse Peromyscus maniculatus 10042 Dog Canis familiaris 9615 Ducks Anas 8835 Ferret Mustela putorius furo 9669 Fish Hyperotreti 117565 Gerbil Gerbillina 10045 Goat Capra hircus 9925 Gray wolf Canis lupus 9612 Guinea pig Cavia porcellus 10141 Hamster Mesocricetus auratus 10036 Horse Equus caballus 9796 Human Homo sapiens 9606 Macaque Macaca fascicularis 9541 Mongolian Gerbil Meriones unguiculatus 10047 Monkey Platyrrhini 9479 Mouse Mus musculus 10090 None None Parrot Psittacidae 9224 Pig Sus scrofa 9823 Rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus 9986 Rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss 8022 Rat Rattus 10114 Raven Corvus corax 56781 sei whale Balaenoptera borealis 9768 Sheep Ovis aries 9940 Squirrel Spermophilus richardsonii 37591 Tree shrew Tupaiidae 9393 Trouts, salmons & chars Salmoninae 504568 Turkey Meleagris gallopavo 9103 Vole Microtus ochrogaster 79684 Water buffalo Bubalus bubalis 391902 C. parvum DNA vaccine encoding CP15/60 VO_0011502 DNA vaccine Research pCP15/60 [Ref1368:Jenkins et al., 1999] Parenchymal injection Parenchymal injection C. parvum sporozoite surface antigen CP15/60 DNA vaccine construction Recombinant pCP15/60 plasmid DNA was prepared using standard procedures and resuspended to 1 mg/ml in 0.15 M NaCl. Sera was collected from multiparous Holstein–Fresian cows at 8–12 weeks prior to parturition and tested by IFA for presence of Ab to C. parvum oocysts (Jenkins et al., 1999). C57BL/6NCr Cows (n=2) with negligible titers (<1:50) to C. parvum oocysts were immunized at 6, 4 and 2 weeks prior to parturition with 1 mg of plasmid DNA by needle-syringe injection into the parenchymal tissue of the mammary gland. Colostrum from the cows was also tested for conferring passive immunity against C. parvum infection by oral administration to immunosuppressed adult inbred mice. Immune colostrum and control colostrum were administered to separate groups of dexamethasone (DEX)-treated adult C57BL/6NCr mice beginning 12 h before and at 12 h intervals for 3 days after oral C. parvum oocyst infection (Jenkins et al., 1999). Mice receiving immune colostrum showed partial protection (about 50% reduction) against intestinal C. parvum development compared to mice receiving control colostrum. This protection was evident at a challenge dose of 10^3 C. parvum oocysts per mouse (Jenkins et al., 1999). In three separate experiments, DEX-treated mice (n=4 per group, six groups per treatment) received 250 μl of HBC or NBC by gastric intubation using a 26 ga. gavage needle 12 h prior to C. parvum infection. At 0 h, the mice were infected with either 103 or 104 C. parvum oocysts and given 250 μl of either HBC or NBC. Control mice were given H2O and either infected or not infected with C. parvum oocysts (Jenkins et al., 1999). C. parvum DNA vaccine encoding CP23 VO_0011362 DNA vaccine Research pUMVC4b expression vector Subcutaneous injection Subcutaneous injection Cp23 antigen DNA vaccine construction The C. parvum 27-kDa antigen coding sequence (GenBank accession number U34390) was amplified from a Cp23- pGEX 4T-2 clone. The fragment was cloned into the EcoRI and NotI restriction enzyme sites of the pUMVC4b expression vector (Adevron, Fargo, ND, USA). This vector has a cytomegalovirus promoter and immunoadjuvant site that enhances immune responses. Plasmids containing inserts (pUMVC4b-Cp23) and plasmids without inserts (pUMVC4b) were transformed into UltraMAX™ DH5a-FT™ Competent Cells (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA), purified, and dissolved in sterile Tris–borate–ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (TBE). After cloning, the sequence of the resulting clone was confirmed by automated DNA sequencing (Ehigiator et al., 2007). C57BL/6 KO Mice (ten per group) were injected subcutaneously in the ear with 100-μg plasmid pUMVC4b-Cp23 in TBE on days 0, 14, and 29. Mice in the control group were injected with either the vector pUMVC4b without the insert or with PBS (Ehigiator et al., 2007). Cp23-DNA vaccination induced a 50-60% reduction in oocysts shedding, indicating a partial protection against C. parvum infection in IL-12 KO mice (Ehigiator et al., 2007). The different treatment groups of IL-12p40KO mice were challenged with a dose of 1,000 C. parvum oocysts by oral gavage 2 weeks after the last immunization (Ehigiator et al., 2007). Six weeks post immunization, mice were bled and antibody responses were measured by ELISA. IgG1 responses were significantly higher in Cp23 vaccinated mice than vector (control) immunized mice (Ehigiator et al., 2007). Six weeks post immunization, mice were bled and antibody responses were measured by ELISA. IgG2a responses were significantly higher in Cp23 vaccinated mice than vector (control) immunized mice (Ehigiator et al., 2007). C. parvum DNA vaccine encoding CpP2 DNA vaccine Research pUMVC4b [Ref5625:Benitez et al., 2011] Intramuscular injection (i.m.) Intramuscular injection (i.m.) CpP2: acidic ribosomal proteins P2 of C. parvum (Benitez et al., 2011) Recombinant vector construction CpP2 antigen coding sequence was amplified by PCR and was ligated into the EcoRI and NotI restriction enzyme sites of the pUMVC4b expression vector. The ligation mix was then transformed into UltraMAX™ DH5a-FT™ Competent Cells and were selected on LB agar containing kanamycin (50 μg/ml). (Benitez et al., 2011) Humoral: Anti-P2 antibody response was detected four weeks after primary dose injection and two weeks after the first booster dose injection. The response was further enhanced after the injection of the third dose. The anti-CpP2 antibody response was not observed in the control. Poor responses to the recombinant plasmid in wildtype mice were observed. Only IgG1 response was induced. IgG2a and IgA responses were not observed. (Benitez et al., 2011) Cellular: Stimulation of splenocyte cultures from immunized mice with different concentrations of rCpP2 protein resulted in a dose-dependent proliferative response. Increased levels of IFN-γ were observed in splenocyte cultures from immunized mice compared with both groups of controls (P<0.05). (Benitez et al., 2011) C57BL/6 interleukin-12p40 (IL-12p40) knockout (KO) mice (Benitez et al., 2011) Mice (10 per group) were injected with 100 μg plasmid pUMVC4b-CpP2 in TBE on days 0, 14, and 29. After primary immunization, mice in prime-boost regime were immunized with 3 μg of rP2 in Hunter’s TiterMax:PBS on days 43 and 57. The control group mice were injected with the empty pUMVC4b vector. (Benitez et al., 2011) The different treatment groups were challenged with a dose of 1 × 10^3 C. parvum oocysts by oral gavage 2 weeks after the last immunization. (Benitez et al., 2011) Cp15-23 Subunit vaccine Research Intramuscular injection (i.m.) C. parvum recombinant protein vaccine that uses Cp15-23 fused protein as antigen and uses Freund’s adjuvant. (Liu et al., 2010) Freund’s adjuvant (Liu et al., 2010): comprised of dead mycobacteria and mineral oil, boost immune responses (Dubé et al., 2020) Intramuscular injection (i.m.) Cp15: 15 kDa sporozoite surface antigen (Liu et al., 2010); Cp23: a glycoprotein, geographically conserved among C. parvum isolates, present in both the sporozoite and merozoite stages (Liu et al., 2010) Recombinant protein preparation Recombinant protein preparation Humoral: All immunized groups have specific antibody responses. The concentrations of IgG remained at low levels until days 14 after the first vaccination, whereas the second dose of vaccine rapidly and significantly boosted the responses. A peak concentration was observed after third boost. Both rCp15–23and rCp23 induced stronger antibody response than crude extract (P<0.05). (Liu et al., 2010) Cellular: The number of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells was increased in all immunized groups compared with the control (P<0.01), whereas the number of CD4+ T cells was much more than that of CD8+ T cells. The stimulation of cells from rCp15–23 immunized mice generated higher CD4+, CD8+ T cells and the ratio of CD4+/CD8+ than the other two immunized groups (P<0.01) (Liu et al., 2010) Cytokine: Significantly higher concentrations of IFN-γ or IL-12 were found in the spleen cells of all immunized groups. The IFN-γ and IL-12 levels were significantly higher in rCp15–23 immunized mice compared with the crude extract immunized mice (P<0·05). No significant difference was observed in crude extract group compared with the control group. Very low level of IL-4 was found in all the groups and no difference was found between different groups. (Liu et al., 2010) BALB/c mice (Liu et al., 2010) The mice were randomly divided into different groups and were immunized subcutaneously with 10 μg of rCp15–23, rCp23, or crude extract of C. parvum in complete Freund’s adjuvant. Subsequent immunizations on days 14 and 28 were performed with 10 μg proteins in incomplete Freund’s adjuvant. The control group were given adjuvant alone. (Liu et al., 2010) 10 mice were randomly selected from each group and were challenged with 1×10^6 oocysts orally 2 weeks after the last immunization. (Liu et al., 2010) licensed Cryptosporidiosis human vaccine Generic Unknown VO_0012160 Subunit vaccine Licensed A generic representation of vaccines developed to prevent Cryptosporidiosis in humans, typically utilizing purified antigens from Cryptosporidium to elicit an immune response without using live or whole organisms. Subunit vaccines are the most prevalent historically licensed type for this disease. pVAX-15-23 DNA vaccine Research pVAX1: plasmid vector encoding antigen DNA [Ref5641:Wang et al., 2010]; pMEM12R: plasmid vector encoding adjuvant sequence [Ref5641:Wang et al., 2010]. Intramuscular injection (i.m.) C. parvum DNA vaccine that express Cp15 and Cp23 in pVAX1 as antigen and express IL-12 cytokine in pMEM12R as adjuvant. (Wang et al., 2010) IL-12 cytokine(Wang et al., 2010): Gene encoding interleukin 12 family cytokine: pro-inflammatory cytokines which induce IFNγ production by T cells (Vignali and Kuchroo, 2012) Intramuscular injection (i.m.) Cp15: 15 kDa sporozoite surface antigen (Wang et al., 2010); Cp23(Wang et al., 2010): a glycoprotein, geographically conserved among C. parvum isolates, present in both the sporozoite and merozoite stages (Liu et al., 2010) DNA vaccine construction Amplified by PCR using a reverse primer containing a synthetic linker sequence. The amplified Cp15 was linked to Cp23 and was inserted into the pVAX1 expression vector. (Wang et al., 2010) DNA vaccine construction Amplified by PCR. The amplified Cp23 was linked to Cp15 and was inserted into the pVAX1 expression vector. (Wang et al., 2010) Cellular: splenocytes from mice vaccinated with pVAX15–23 expressed significant INF-γ levels in response of both antigens. IFN-γ expression was significantly boosted by co-administration of pMEM12R, inducting Th1 type immune response. (Wang et al., 2010) Humoral: Splenocytes from vaccinated mice exhibited a strong lymphoproliferation responses 2 and 10 weeks after the final immunization, revealing sustained response of to stimulating proteins on the term of time. Stimulation of splenocytes derived from mice immunized 10 weeks before cell harvest showed significant (p < 0.01) pVAX15–23-specific proliferative response in vitro culture. pVAX15–23-DNA vaccine could induce a more sustained cellular immune response than pVAX15 and pVAX23. (Wang et al., 2010) C57BL/6 interleukin-12p40 (IL-12p40) knockout (KO) mice (Wang et al., 2010) Each mouse was vaccinated with with 100 μg of multivalent (pVAX-15–23) or single gene (pVAX-15 or pVAX-23) DNA vaccine alone or plus pMEM12R or in TBE on days 0, 14, and 28. Non-recombinant pVAX-1 plasmid was used as negative control. (Wang et al., 2010) The pattern of oocysts shedding was similar in all experimental groups: shedding peak on day 10-12 post challenge and steady decline with the time course. DNA vaccination mitigated the intensity of the infection with significant decrease for mice in pVAX-15-23 group. Mice injected pVAX-15-23 and pMEM12R resolved the infection earlier than other groups. (Wang et al., 2010) Mice were orally challenged with a single dose of 1 × 10^5 C. parvum oocysts in 200 μL of 0.15 M phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.2) 2 weeks after the last immunization. (Wang et al., 2010) pVAX1-C-Cp12-Cp21 DNA vaccine Research pVAX1 expression vector [Ref5634:Yu et al., 2010] Intramuscular injection (i.m.) or Nasal spray C. parvum DNA vaccine that express Cp12 and Cp21 in pVAX1 as antigen and use CpG-ODN as adjuvant. (Yu et al., 2010) CpG-ODN (Yu et al., 2010): Synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) containing unmethylated cytosine–guanine dinucleotide motifs, improve the function of professional antigen-presenting cells and boost the generation of humoral and cellular vaccine-specific immune responses by maintaining ODNs and vaccine in close proximity (Bode et al., 2011) Intramuscular injection (i.m.) or Nasal spray Cp12 (Yu et al., 2010): a 12kDA surface adherence protein of C.parvum (Yao et al., 2007);Cp21: a 21kDA surface adherence protein of C.parvum (Yu et al., 2010): DNA vaccine construction Amplified by PCR using a forward primer containing the booster sequence encoding for CpG-ODN. The amplified C-Cp12 was linked to Cp21 and formed C-Cp12-Cp21, and was inserted into the pVAX1 expression vector. (Yu et al., 2010) DNA vaccine construction Amplified by PCR using a forward primer containing a synthetic linker sequence. The amplified Cp21 with the linker sequence was inked to C-Cp12 and formed C-Cp12-Cp21, and was inserted into the pVAX1 expression vector. (Yu et al., 2010) Humoral: pVAX1-C-Cp12-Cp21 nasal spray group had significantly higher level of IgG compared to pVAX1 vector group and PBS group (P < 0.01). The IgG level in the pVAX1-C-Cp12-Cp21 nasal spray group was also higher than that of pVAX1-Cp12, pVAX1-Cp21, and pVAX1-Cp12-Cp21 group but was not significant. Cellular: The percentages of CD4+ T cells in pVAX1-C-Cp12-Cp21 nasal group were significantly higher than that in the groups treated with pVAX1 vector, PBS, pVAX1-Cp12, and pVAX1-Cp21 (P < 0.01). The percentages of CD8+ T cells in pVAX1-C-Cp12-Cp21 nasal spray group was significantly higher than that in the PBS group (P < 0.01). (Yu et al., 2010) BALB/c mice (Yu et al., 2010) Two hundred mice were randomly divided into 10 groups. Mice in different groups were immunized at weeks 0, 3, and 5 with different schemes: 1) 100 μg of pVAX1-CP12 musculature, 2) 100 μg of pVAX1-CP21 musculature, 3) 100 μg of pVAX1-CP12 nasal, 4) 100 μg of pVAX1-CP21 nasal, 5) 100 μg of pVAX1-CP12-CP21 musculature, 6) 100 μg of pVAX1-C-CP12-CP21 musculature, 7) 100 μg of pVAX1-CP12-CP21 nasal, 8) 100 μg of pVAX1-C-CP12-CP21 nasal, 9) 100 μg of pVAX1, 10) 0.1mL of PBS (Yu et al., 2010) Mice in pVAX1-Cp12-Cp21 and pVAX1-C-Cp12-Cp21 groups excreted less numbers of oocysts than that in other groups (P < 0.05). Mice in the pVAX1-C-Cp12-Cp21 nasal spray group have a 77.5% reduction in the level of oocysts shedding. (Yu et al., 2010) Each mouse was orally inoculated with 1 × 10^6 C. parvum oocysts in 0.5 ml of water 2 weeks after the last immunization. (Yu et al., 2010) Cp12 Cryptosporidium parvum Iowa II 3372891 66357286 cgd4_2330 AAEE01000008 XP_625821 353152 4 554385 554699 - 4.35 11648.13 104 >NC_006983.1:554385-554699 Cryptosporidium parvum Iowa II chromosome 4, whole genome shotgun sequence ACTATATTTGTTCATTCATCTGTTTCTTTTCTATGTTCCTTTCAATTGTTCTTGCCATTTCTGAAGGCGA CTGTAGCCCTCCCATCACACTATTAAAATCGGTTGGAACTTGAATATAGTTATATTGATTACCATTGGTA AAATTTTGCGCATCGTTTCTTTCAGGTTGCCACTGGAGCCTATCCTGTTCGAATACGTTGTGCCAAAGTA CTCCTTCATACCAGTATGTCAATGAAATGCCGGTAGGGAGTAGAGCTACAAATATCGCAGCATAGAAACC TATTGAAAACTTCCAATCTATTGATGCATCTGACA >XP_625821.1 hypothetical protein [Cryptosporidium parvum Iowa II] MSDASIDWKFSIGFYAAIFVALLPTGISLTYWYEGVLWHNVFEQDRLQWQPERNDAQNFTNGNQYNYIQV PTDFNSVMGGLQSPSEMARTIERNIEKKQMNEQI Protective antigen CP15 ABO61338.1 CDD:185442 5807 ? 15 kDa sporozoite surface antigen 10.74 12412.8 202 40S ribosomal protein S15; Provisional >ABO61338.1 15 kDa sporozoite surface antigen, partial [Cryptosporidium parvum] MKLDEVVELLPARKRRKIARGCLNRRTAAFIAKLRKSKAECPMGEKPVAVRTHLRNMVILPEMVGAVAGV YNGKTYATVEIKPEMIGMYLGEFSITYKPVRHGKPGVGSTSSSRFIPLK Protective antigen CP15/60 Cryptosporidium parvum VO_0011309 3371947 170676501 170676502 ACB30404.1 5807 ? sporozoite surface antigen CP15/60 4.64 15777.88 224 >gi|170676501|gb|EU532137.1| Cryptosporidium parvum sporozoite surface antigen CP15/60 mRNA, complete cds ATGGGTAACTTGAAATCCTGTTGTTCTTTTGCCGATGAACACTCCCTAACCCCTACTCAACTAGTAGTTG GAAATGGTTCAGGAGCTTCAGAAACTGCTTCCAACCACCCCCAAGAAGAAGTTAATGATATTAATACTTT TAATGTAAAGTTAACAATGCAAGATAGAAGTAAGCTTGACTGTGAGGTAGTATTTGATAGCACAAGTATT TCGCTTTCTGGAGATGGAAAATGCAGAAATATTGCTTTGGATGAAATCCACCAATTATTATATTCAAAGG AAGAGCTCTCTAGAGTTGAAAGTAGTGCTGGAATCAGTGATTCCGACAATTGTGTTGCAATTCATCTCAA AGAATCAGGAAACTGTATTCCCCTTTTCTTTAATAATTCGCAAGACAAAGAAAGATTTGTTGCAACAGCA AACAAATTCAAACCAAACTTTAACTAAAACAGGAATTTCATTAATTCTGGATTTGTTTTTTCCAAACCCT ATAAATAAAATCCAAATAGCTTTTCTTCAATAACAGGGAG >ACB30404.1 sporozoite surface antigen CP15/60 [Cryptosporidium parvum] MGNLKSCCSFADEHSLTPTQLVVGNGSGASETASNHPQEEVNDINTFNVKLTMQDRSKLDCEVVFDSTSI SLSGDGKCRNIALDEIHQLLYSKEELSRVESSAGISDSDNCVAIHLKESGNCIPLFFNNSQDKERFVATA NKFKPNFN Protective antigen Preparturient cows were immunized three times over a six-week period with recombinant plasmid DNA encoding the Cryptosporidium parvum CP15/60 antigen by injecting the DNA in the mammary gland. Colostrum from these cows contained Ab specific for C. parvum sporozoites and oocysts as indicated by immunofluorescence Ab (IFA) staining. Mice receiving immune colostrum showed partial protection (about 50% reduction) against intestinal C. parvum development compared to mice receiving control colostrum. This protection was evident at a challenge dose of 10^3 C. parvum oocysts per mouse [Ref1368:Jenkins et al., 1999]. Cp21 Cryptosporidium parvum Iowa II 3373643 66358562 cgd2_2570 AAEE01000005 XP_626459 353152 2 519155 519697 - 7.81 19446.76 180 >NC_006981.1:519155-519697 Cryptosporidium parvum Iowa II chromosome 2, whole genome shotgun sequence GCTATTCATCTGTTTGAACGTCAGAATCAGAATTATATATTTCTATTACTCTCTCGTATACAAAATAAGG GGATGCGCCTGGAATATTACTTGGATTCCTCCCTTTTATTTGTTTTCTAGGTCTTACTGGTCTTGGGGAA CTGATAGCATTTCGAATTTTCCTTAAATGAGTGGCATTAGATAAAAGTTCTGGTATATGAACTAGCTGAT AGATAGGTACTTTAGTTAGGTTTTGATAAATTATATTTTCATAGGTTTCTTTAAGTGTGCTTTCACTCAC ATCAAAATAATCATGTTCGCTGGATTTAGCAACCAATTGAAAGTCTTCTGGAATTATTTTCCGAACAAGA TATATTATTTGTTCCACTGAAAGAAGGGTCTTGAGTCTAGATGCTAATTCTTTCAAACTTATTTCGCTGT TTTCAAAAGATAACGCTTCAGCTCTACTCACAGCCAACTTTGGGGAAACCTCATGTTGTGAAGTTGCAAA AATGTCAAACAATACGAAGAAAATAAAAATAAATAGTGATGCTCTTTTAGACA >XP_626459.1 hypothetical protein [Cryptosporidium parvum Iowa II] MSKRASLFIFIFFVLFDIFATSQHEVSPKLAVSRAEALSFENSEISLKELASRLKTLLSVEQIIYLVRKI IPEDFQLVAKSSEHDYFDVSESTLKETYENIIYQNLTKVPIYQLVHIPELLSNATHLRKIRNAISSPRPV RPRKQIKGRNPSNIPGASPYFVYERVIEIYNSDSDVQTDE Protective antigen CP23 Cryptosporidium parvum VO_0011308 3372811 U34390 AAB17724.1 5807 ? Cp23 antigen 4.69 11901.22 177 genotype: cervine >AAB17724.1 protein with neutralization-sensitive epitopes [Cryptosporidium parvum] MGCSSSKPETKVAENKSAADANKQRELAEKKAQLAKAVKNPAPISNQAQQKPEEPKKSEPAPNNPPAADA PAAQAPAAPAEPAPQDKPADAPAAEAPAAEPAAQQDKPADA Protective antigen In this study, Cp23 antigen was investigated as a vaccine candidate using the DNA vaccine model in adult interleukin-12 (IL-12) knockout (KO) mice, which are susceptible to C. parvum infection. Cp23-DNA vaccination induced a 50-60% reduction in oocysts shedding, indicating a partial protection against C. parvum infection in IL-12 KO mice [Ref1367:Ehigiator et al., 2007]. CpP2 Cryptosporidium parvum 3372370 AAF21857.1 CDD:100111 5807 ? acidic ribosomal protein P2 4.15 11050.47 179 Ribosomal protein P2. This subfamily represents the eukaryotic large ribosomal protein P2. Eukaryotic P1 and P2 are functionally equivalent to the bacterial protein L7/L12, but are not homologous to L7/L12. P2 is located in the L12 stalk, with proteins...; cd05833 >AAF21857.1 acidic ribosomal protein P2 [Cryptosporidium parvum] MGMKYVAAYLLCVSSGKEQPTASDIKKVLESVGIEYDQSIIDVLISNMSGKLSHEVIASGLSKLQSVPTG GVAVSGGAAAASGAAQDSAPAEKKKEEEEEEEGDLGFSLFD Protective antigen Ighg1 Mus musculus 16017 AC160982 Vaximmutor Ighv1-9 Mus musculus 668478 AC073561 10090 12 114583568 114583861 immunoglobulin heavy variable V1-9 Also known as Igg2a; Gm16697 >gi|372099098:114583568-114583861 Mus musculus strain C57BL/6J chromosome 12, GRCm38 C57BL/6J GTCTTGCACAGTAATAGATGGCAGAGTCCTCAGTTGTCAGGCTGCTGAGTTGCATGTAGGCTGTGTTGGA GGATGTATCTGCAGTGAATGTGGCCTTGCCCTTGAACTTCTCATTGTAGTTAGTACTACCACTTCCAGGT AAAATCTCTCCAATCCACTCAAGGCCATGTCCAGGCCTCTGCTTTACCCACTCTATCCAGTAGCCAGTGA ATGTGTAGCCAGTAGCCTTGCAGGAAAGCTTCACTGAGGCCCCAGGCTTCATCAGCTCAGCTCCAGACTG CTGCAGCTGAACCT Vaximmutor Askari et al., 2016 journal Askari N, Shayan P, Mokhber-Dezfouli MR, Ebrahimzadeh E, Lotfollahzadeh S, Rostami A, Amininia N, Ragh MJ 2016 38 5 282-289 Parasite immunology Ehigiator et al., 2007 journal Ehigiator HN, Romagnoli P, Priest JW, Secor WE, Mead JR 2007 101 4 943-950 Parasitology research Jenkins et al., 1999 journal Jenkins MC, O'Brien C, Trout J, Guidry A, Fayer R 1999 17 19 2453-2460 Vaccine Roche et al., 2013 journal Roche JK, Rojo AL, Costa LB, Smeltz R, Manque P, Woehlbier U, Bartelt L, Galen J, Buck G, Guerrant RL 2013 31 6 912-918 Vaccine Wiki: Cryptosporidium parvum website http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptosporidium_parvum