Chlamydophila psittaci 83554 C. psittaci in birds is often systemic and infections can be inapparent, severe, acute or chronic with intermittent shedding. C. psittaci strains in birds infect mucosal epithelial cells and macrophages of the respiratory tract. Septicaemia eventually develops and the bacteria become localized in epithelial cells and macrophages of most organs, conjunctiva, and gastrointestinal tract. It can also be passed in the eggs. Stress will commonly trigger onset of severe symptoms, resulting in rapid deterioration and death. C. psittaci It exists as an elementary body (EB) in between hosts. The EB is not biologically active, but is resistant to environmental stresses and can survive outside a host. The EB travels from an infected bird to the lungs of an uninfected bird or person in small droplets, and is responsible for infection. Once in the lungs, the EB is taken up by cells in a pouch called an endosome by a process called phagocytosis. However, the EB is not destroyed by fusion with lysosomes, as is typical for phagocytosed material. Instead, it transforms into a reticulate body and begins to replicate within the endosome. The reticulate bodies must use some of the host's cellular machinery to complete its replication. The reticulate bodies then convert back to elementary bodies, and are released back into the lung, often after causing the death of the host cell. The EBs are thereafter able to infect new cells, either in the same organism or in a new host (Wiki: Chlamydophila psittaci). Respiratory psittacosis, avian chlamydiosis C. psittaci serovar A is endemic among psittacine birds and has caused sporadic zoonotic disease in humans, other mammals and tortoises. Serovar B is endemic among pigeons, has been isolated from turkeys, and has also been identified as the cause of abortion in a dairy herd. Serovars C and D are occupational hazards for slaughterhouse workers and for people in contact with birds. Serovar E isolates (known as Cal-10, MP or MN) have been obtained from a variety of avian hosts worldwide and, although they were associated with the 1920s–1930s outbreak in humans, a specific reservoir for serovar E has not been identified. The M56 and WC serovars were isolated during outbreaks in mammals (Wiki: Chlamydophila psittaci) Chlamydophila psittaci is a lethal intracellular bacterial species that causes endemic avian chlamydiosis, epizootic outbreaks in mammals, and respiratory psittacosis in humans. Chlamydophila psittaci is transmitted by inhalation, contact or ingestion among birds and to mammals. Psittacosis in birds and in humans often starts with flu-like symptoms and becomes a life-threatening pneumonia. Many strains remain quiescent in birds until activated under stress. Birds are excellent, highly mobile vectors for the distribution of chlamydial infection because they feed on, and have access to, the detritus of infected animals of all sorts. Chlamydophila psittaci was previously classified as Chlamydia psittaci. The former 'mammalian' Chlamydia psittaci abortion, feline and Guinea pig strains have been moved to three new species (see: Chlamydophila abortus, Chlamydophila felis, Chlamydophila caviae). C. psittaci strains are similar in virulence, grow readily in cell culture, have 16S-rRNA genes that differ by <0.8%, and belong to eight known serovars. All should be considered to be readily transmissible to humans (Wiki: Chlamydophila psittaci). Baboon Papio cynocephalus 9556 Bank vole Clethrionomys glareolus 447135 Bear Ursus americanus 9643 Birds Passeroidea 175121 Brown Trout Salmo trutta 8032 Buffalo Bison bison 9901 Carnivores Vulpes 9625 Cat Felis catus 9685 Catfishes Siluriformes 7995 Cattle Bos taurus 9913 Chicken Gallus gallus 9031 Chimpanzee Pan troglodytes 9598 chinchillas Chinchillidae 10150 Copper Pheasant Syrmaticus soemmerringii 9067 Deer Cervus elaphus 9860 Deer mouse Peromyscus maniculatus 10042 Dog Canis familiaris 9615 Ducks Anas 8835 Ferret Mustela putorius furo 9669 Fish Hyperotreti 117565 Gerbil Gerbillina 10045 Goat Capra hircus 9925 Gray wolf Canis lupus 9612 Guinea pig Cavia porcellus 10141 Hamster Mesocricetus auratus 10036 Horse Equus caballus 9796 Human Homo sapiens 9606 Macaque Macaca fascicularis 9541 Mongolian Gerbil Meriones unguiculatus 10047 Monkey Platyrrhini 9479 Mouse Mus musculus 10090 None None Parrot Psittacidae 9224 Pig Sus scrofa 9823 Rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus 9986 Rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss 8022 Rat Rattus 10114 Raven Corvus corax 56781 sei whale Balaenoptera borealis 9768 Sheep Ovis aries 9940 Squirrel Spermophilus richardsonii 37591 Tree shrew Tupaiidae 9393 Trouts, salmons & chars Salmoninae 504568 Turkey Meleagris gallopavo 9103 Vole Microtus ochrogaster 79684 Water buffalo Bubalus bubalis 391902 C. psittaci DNA vaccine pcDNA1/MOMP VO_0011426 DNA vaccine Research pcDNA1 Intramuscular injection (i.m.) Intramuscular injection (i.m.) C. psittaci ompA DNA vaccine construction To enhance the expression of MOMP in turkey cells, the coding sequence of the ompA gene was adapted and optimised to the codon usage in birds (GenScript Corporation, New Jersey, USA) in order to increase the codon adaptation index (CAI). The CAI was calculated (http://www.evolvingcode.net/codon/cai/cai.php) based on the most frequent codon usage in chickens and turkeys. EGFP was cloned downstream from the codon optimised ompAopt into the EcoRV restriction site of pcDNA1, resulting in the final construct: pcDNA1/MOMPopt–EGFP. Plasmid DNA was propagated in Escherichia coli MC1061/P3, purified using the EndoFree® Plasmid Giga kit (Qiagen, Venlo, The Netherlands) and dissolved in 20 mM Hepes buffer (pH 7.4). Following purification, a PCR reaction on the plasmid was performed with vector associated SP6 and T7 primers to amplify the fusion construct cloned into the multicloning site of pcDNA1(Verminnen et al., 2010). SPF Three groups received a primary DNA inoculation at 1 day of age and one booster inoculation 3 weeks later. Groups 1 and 2 were twice immunised intramuscularly with respectively naked plasmid DNA or brPEI-pcDNA/MOMPopt, while group 3 was vaccinated at both time points through nebulisation of brPEI-pcDNA/MOMPopt. The control group (4) was left unvaccinated (Verminnen et al., 2010). The ompA codon was adapted to the codon usage in birds, resulting in pcDNA1/MOMP(opt). Researchers examined the capacity of nebulised or intramuscularly (IM) administered brPEI-pcDNA1/MOMP(opt) to induce a significant protective immune response in SPF turkeys experimentally infected with 10^8 TCID(50) of a virulent Cp. psittaci strain. Vaccinated groups were significantly protected against Cp. psittaci challenge (Verminnen et al., 2010). Turkeys were challenged by aerosol infection at the age of 5.5 weeks using the Cirrus™ nebulizer. The challenge infection consisted of 108 TCID50 of Cp. psittaci strain 92/1293 (avian genotype D strain). All turkeys were euthanized at 25 days post-challenge (PC) (Verminnen et al., 2010). Chlamydia Psittaci Killed Chlamydia Vaccine (USDA: 1585.20) Wyeth VO_0001786 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Chlamydia Psittaci Modified Live Chlamydia Vaccine (USDA: 1581.20) Intervet Inc. VO_0001787 Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed USA Feline Leukemia-Chlamydia Psittaci Killed Virus, Killed Chlamydia Vaccine (USDA: 1A69.20) Wyeth VO_0001842 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Feline Leukemia-Rhinotracheitis-Calici-Panleukopenia-Chlamydia Psittaci Killed Virus, Killed Chlamydia Vaccine (USDA: 1559.20) Wyeth VO_0001847 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Feline Leukemia-Rhinotracheitis-Calici-Panleukopenia-Chlamydia Psittaci Killed Virus, Killed Chlamydia Vaccine (USDA: 1559.23) Wyeth VO_0001848 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Feline Leukemia-Rhinotracheitis-Calici-Panleukopenia-Chlamydia Psittaci Modified Live & Killed Virus, Killed Chlamydia Vaccine (USDA: 1559.2C) Wyeth VO_0001849 Live, attenuated vaccine; Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Feline Leukemia-Rhinotracheitis-Calici-Panleukopenia-Chlamydia Psittaci Modified Live & Killed Virus, Modified Live Chlamydia Vaccine (USDA: 1559.2B) Intervet Inc. VO_0001850 Live, attenuated vaccine; Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Feline Rhinotracheitis-Calici-Chlamydia Psittaci Modified Live Virus, Modified Live Chlamydia Vaccine (USDA: 16F1.20) Pfizer, Inc. VO_0001851 Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed USA Feline Rhinotracheitis-Calici-Chlamydia Psittaci Modified Live Virus, Modified Live Chlamydia Vaccine (USDA: 16F1.21) Merial, Inc. VO_0001852 Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed USA Feline Rhinotracheitis-Calici-Panleukopenia-Chlamydia Psittaci Killed Virus, Killed Chlamydia Vaccine (USDA: 16E5.20) Wyeth VO_0001862 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Feline Rhinotracheitis-Calici-Panleukopenia-Chlamydia Psittaci Killed Virus, Killed Chlamydia Vaccine (USDA: 16E5.23) Wyeth VO_0001863 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Feline Rhinotracheitis-Calici-Panleukopenia-Chlamydia Psittaci Modified Live Virus, Killed Chlamydia Vaccine (USDA: 16E6.20) Wyeth VO_0001864 Live, attenuated vaccine; Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Feline Rhinotracheitis-Calici-Panleukopenia-Chlamydia Psittaci Modified Live Virus, Modified Live Chlamydia Vaccine (USDA: 16E1.20) Wyeth, Intervet Inc., Pfizer, Inc. VO_0001865 Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed USA Feline Rhinotracheitis-Calici-Panleukopenia-Chlamydia Psittaci Modified Live Virus, Modified Live Chlamydia Vaccine (USDA: 16E1.24) Intervet Inc. VO_0001866 Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed USA Feline Rhinotracheitis-Calici-Panleukopenia-Chlamydia Psittaci Modified Live Virus, Modified Live Chlamydia Vaccine (USDA: 16E8.20) Merial, Inc. VO_0001867 Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed USA Feline Rhinotracheitis-Calici-Panleukopenia-Chlamydia Psittaci-Rabies Modified Live & Killed Virus, Modified Live Chlamydia Vaccine (USDA: 1619.20) Merial, Inc. VO_0001868 Live, attenuated vaccine; Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed USA Feline Rhinotracheitis-Calici-Panleukopenia-Chlamydia Psittaci-Rabies Modified Live Virus and Chlamydia, Canarypox Vector Vaccine (USDA: 1619.R1) Merial, Inc. VO_0001869 Live, attenuated vaccine Licensed USA licensed Psittacosis human vaccine Generic Unknown VO_0012174 Inactivated or "killed" vaccine Licensed A generic representation of vaccines utilized to prevent respiratory psittacosis and avian chlamydiosis in humans, typically consisting of inactivated Chlamydia psittaci organisms. These vaccines were historically used to reduce infection risk among individuals exposed to birds. ompA Chlamydophila psittaci VO_0010924 94467392 CDD:279628 83554 ? 3.92 7130.24 118 Detected from a 1 year old clinically normal bird that was imported from Singapore >BAE93857.1 ompA, partial [Chlamydia psittaci] FDIFCTLGASNGYFKSSSAAFNLVGLIGFSATNSTSTDLPMQLPNVGITQGVVEFYTDTSFSWSVGARG Protective antigen The ompA codon was adapted to the codon usage in birds, resulting in pcDNA1/MOMP(opt). Researchers examined the capacity of nebulised or intramuscularly (IM) administered brPEI-pcDNA1/MOMP(opt) to induce a significant protective immune response in SPF turkeys experimentally infected with 10^8 TCID(50) of a virulent Cp. psittaci strain. Vaccinated groups were significantly protected against Cp. psittaci challenge [Ref1358:Verminnen et al., 2010]. Harkinezhad et al., 2009 journal Harkinezhad T, Schautteet K, Vanrompay D 2009 40 6 61 Veterinary research Verminnen et al., 2010 journal Verminnen K, Beeckman DS, Sanders NN, De Smedt S, Vanrompay DC 2010 28 18 3095-3105 Vaccine Wiki: Chlamydophila psittaci website http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlamydophila_psittaci Zhang et al., 2009 journal Zhang X, Yuan Z, Duan Q, Zhu H, Yu H, Wang Q 2009 27 10 1596-1600 Vaccine Zhang et al., 2013 journal Zhang XX, Yu H, Wang XH, Li XZ, Zhu YP, Li HX, Luo SJ, Yuan ZG 2013 31 4 698-703 Vaccine