• Type: Recombinant vector vaccine
• Status: Research
• Host Species for Licensed Use: Mouse
• Host Species as Laboratory Animal Model: mouse
• Antigen: S from MERS-CoV(Kim et al., 2014).
• Immunization Route: Intramuscular injection (i.m.)
• Description: Recombinant adenoviral vector encoding the full-length MERS-CoV S protein (Ad5.MERS-S) (Kim et al., 2014)

• Type: Recombinant vector vaccine
• Status: Research
• Host Species for Licensed Use: Mouse
• Antigen: S1 subunit of S from MERS-CoV (Kim et al., 2014).
• Immunization Route: Intramuscular injection (i.m.)
• Description: Recombinant adenoviral vector encoding the the S1 extracellular domain of S protein (Ad5.MERS-S1). (Kim et al., 2014)

• Type: Recombinant vector vaccine
• Status: Clinical trial
• Host Species for Licensed Use: Human
• Host Species as Laboratory Animal Model: camel, mouse
• Antigen: S protein
• Vector: chimpanzee adenovirus Oxford 1 (Munster et al., 2017)
• Immunization Route: Intramuscular injection (i.m.)
• Description: Chimpanzee adenovirus Oxford 1 vector expressing S protein from MERS-CoV (Munster et al., 2017)

• Type: Inactivated or "killed" vaccine
• Status: Research
• Host Species for Licensed Use: None
• Host Species as Laboratory Animal Model: mouse
• Antigen: whole virus (Deng et al., 2018)
• Immunization Route: Intramuscular injection (i.m.)
• Description: inactivated whole MERS-CoV (IV) with a combined adjuvant (alum+CpG) as a vaccine formulation caused protection (Deng et al., 2018).

• Type: Subunit vaccine
• Status: Research
• Host Species for Licensed Use: None
• Host Species as Laboratory Animal Model: mouse, rhesus monkey
• Antigen: S1 subunit of S from MERS-CoV. (Wang et al., 2015)
• Immunization Route: Intramuscular injection (i.m.)
• Description: A DNA vaccine constructed from a plasmid vaccines that encoded S1 subunit only. (Wang et al., 2015)

• Type: Mixed, DNA vaccine and Subunit vaccine
• Status: Research
• Host Species for Licensed Use: None
• Host Species as Laboratory Animal Model: mouse, rhesus monkey
• Immunization Route: Intramuscular injection (i.m.)
• Description: A mixed vaccine using England S1 subunit protein vaccine and England1 S DNA vaccine. VRC8400 plasmid used to construct antigen (Wang et al., 2015)

• Type: DNA vaccine
• Status: Research
• Host Species for Licensed Use: None
• Host Species as Laboratory Animal Model: mouse, rhesus monkey
• Antigen: S from MERS-CoV (Wang et al., 2015)
• S from MERS-CoV gene engineering:
  • Type: DNA vaccine construction
  • Detailed Gene Information: Click Here.
• Immunization Route: Intramuscular injection (i.m.)
• Description: A DNA vaccine constructed from a plasmid vaccines that encoded full-length, membrane-anchored Spike protein. VRC8400 plasmid used to construct antigen (Wang et al., 2015)

• Type: DNA vaccine
• Status: Research
• Host Species for Licensed Use: None
• Host Species as Laboratory Animal Model: mouse
• Antigen: S from MERS-CoV (Chi et al., 2017)
• S from MERS-CoV gene engineering:
  • Type: DNA vaccine construction
  • Description: Plasmid created containing first 735 amino acids of S from MERS-CoV (Chi et al., 2017)
  • Detailed Gene Information: Click Here.
• Immunization Route: Intramuscular injection (i.m.)
• Description: DNA vaccine encoding the first 725 amino acids of S from MERS-CoV induces antigen-specific humoral and cellular immune responses in mice (Chi et al., 2017)

• Type: Subunit vaccine
• Status: Research
• Host Species for Licensed Use: None
• Host Species as Laboratory Animal Model: mouse
• S from MERS-CoV gene engineering:
  • Type: Recombinant protein preparation
  • Description: The S spike protein was conjugated with CpG or Alum as a subunit MERS vaccine (Deng et al., 2018).
  • Detailed Gene Information: Click Here.
• Immunization Route: Intramuscular injection (i.m.)
• Description: The spike protein of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus adjuvanted with CpG and Alum provided protection against infection of MERS-CoV (Deng et al., 2018).

• Type: Subunit vaccine
• Status: Research
• Host Species for Licensed Use: None
• Host Species as Laboratory Animal Model: mouse
• Antigen: Recombinant N-terminal domain (amino acids 18 - 353) of S1 subunit of S protein. (Chen et al., 2017)
• S from MERS-CoV gene engineering:
  • Type: Recombinant protein preparation
  • Description: baculovirus-insect cell sf9-derived recombinant MERS-CoV was used to express rNTD (Chen et al., 2017)
  • Detailed Gene Information: Click Here.
• Immunization Route: Intramuscular injection (i.m.)
• Description: neutralizing monoclonal antibodiesagainst MERS-CoV which bind to the N-terminal domain (NTD) of the MERS-CoV S1 subunit (Chen et al., 2017)

• Type: Subunit vaccine
• Status: Research
• Host Species for Licensed Use: None
• Host Species as Laboratory Animal Model: mouse
• Antigen: Recombinant ribosomal binding site of S1 subunit of S from MERS-COV.(Chen et al., 2017)
• S from MERS-CoV gene engineering:
  • Type: Recombinant protein preparation
  • Description: baculovirus-insect cell sf9-derived recombinant MERS-CoV was used to express rRBD (Chen et al., 2017)
  • Detailed Gene Information: Click Here.
• Immunization Route: Intramuscular injection (i.m.)
• Description: monoclonal antibody of MERS-CoV, which mapped to a wide range of regions on the spike (S) protein of the virus. In addition to mAbs with neutralizing epitopes located on the receptor-binding domain

• Type: Recombinant vector vaccine
• Status: Licensed
• Host Species for Licensed Use: None
• Host Species as Laboratory Animal Model: mouse
• Antigen: N protein(Bodmer et al., 2018)
• Vector: live-attenuated measles virus (MV)(Bodmer et al., 2018)
• Immunization Route: Intramuscular injection (i.m.)
• Description: Live-attenuated measles virus (MV) vaccine encoding the MERS-CoV nucleocapsid protein (MERS-N) (Bodmer et al., 2018)

• Type: Recombinant vector vaccine
• Status: Research
• Host Species for Licensed Use: None
• Host Species as Laboratory Animal Model: Mouse
• Antigen: S protein (Malczyk et al., 2015)
• Vector: recombinant measles virus (MV) (Malczyk et al., 2015)
• Immunization Route: Intraperitoneal injection (i.p.)
• Description: MVs expressing the spike glycoprotein of MERS-CoV in its full-length cloned into vaccine strain MVvac2 genome and rescued (Malczyk et al., 2015)

• Type: Recombinant vector vaccine
• Status: Licensed
• Host Species for Licensed Use: None
• Antigen: truncated soluble S protein (Malczyk et al., 2015)
• Vector: recombinant measles virus (MV) (Malczyk et al., 2015)
• Immunization Route: Intraperitoneal injection (i.p.)
• Description: MVs expressing a soluble, truncated version of spike glycoprotein of MERS-CoV in its full-length cloned into vaccine strain MVvac2 genome and rescued (Malczyk et al., 2015)

• Type: Recombinant vector vaccine
• Status: Licensed
• Host Species for Licensed Use: Baboon
• Antigen: S1 subunit of S protein (Kato et al., 2019)
• Vector: replication-incompetent P-gene-deficient rabies virus (RVΔP) (Kato et al., 2019)
• Immunization Route: Intraperitoneal injection (i.p.)
• Description: Recombinant RVΔP that expresses S1 fused with transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains together with 14 amino acids from the ectodomains of the RV-glycoprotein (RV-G)(Kato et al., 2019)

• Type: Viral Like Particle Vaccine
• Status: Research
• Host Species for Licensed Use: None
• Host Species as Laboratory Animal Model: mouse
• Antigen: N protein (Zhao et al., 2016)
• Vector: Venezuelan equine encephalitis replicons (Zhao et al., 2016)
• Immunization Route: intranasal immunization
• Description: Venezuelan equine encephalitis replicons bearing epitopes of N protein from MERS(Zhao et al., 2016).Identical to VRP-MERS-N vaccine (Vaccine 5754).

• Type: Live, attenuated vaccine
• Status: Licensed
• Host Species for Licensed Use: None
• Host Species as Laboratory Animal Model: mouse
• Antigen: CD4+ T cell epitope in the nucleocapsid (N) protein of SARS-CoV (N353) (Zhou et al., 2006)
• Vector: Venezuelan equine encephalitis replicons (VRP) (Zhao et al., 2016)
• Immunization Route: intranasal immunization
• Description: Venezuelan equine encephalitis replicons (VRP) encoding a SARS-CoV CD4+ T cell epitope vaccinated intranasally. Does not have same efficacy if vaccinated subcutaneously (Zhao et al., 2016) Identical to VRP-SARS-N vaccine (Vaccine 5759).

Human Response

• Vaccination Protocol: Single intramuscular injection of ChAdOx1 5e9, 2.5e10, 5e10 MERS at (Folegatti et al., 2020)
• Immune Response: Significant increase from baseline in T-cell (p<0·003) and IgG (p<0·0001) responses to the MERS-CoV spike antigen was observed at all doses. Four (44% [95% CI 19-73]) of nine participants had neutralizing antibodies against live MERS-CoV and 19 (79% [58-93]) of 24 participants had antibodies capable of neutralisation in a pseudotyped virus neutralisation assay (Folegatti et al., 2020).
• Side Effects: 92 (74% [95% CI 66-81]) of 124 solicited adverse events were mild, 31 (25% [18-33]) were moderate, and all were self-limiting. One serious adverse event determined to be unrelated to vaccine.5e10 dosage had significantly higher proportion of moderate and severe adverse events to lower doses.(Folegatti et al., 2020)
• Description: Phase I Clinical Results were sufficient to proceed to field phase 1b and phase 2 trails (Folegatti et al., 2020)

Mouse Response

• Host Strain: BALB/C(Kim et al., 2014)
• Vaccination Protocol: inoculated intramuscularly with 1e11 viral particles of Vaccine 5719 and boosted intranasally 3 weeks after with 1e11 viral particles of Vaccine 5719
• Immune Response: increased titers of neutralizing antibodies, slightly higher specific response than Vaccine 5720 vaccine (Kim et al., 2014)

Mouse Response

• Host Strain: BALB/C
• Vaccination Protocol: inoculated intramuscularly with 1e11 viral particles of Vaccine 5720 and boosted intranasally 3 weeks after with 1e11 viral particles of Vaccine 5720 (Kim et al., 2014)
• Immune Response: increased titers of neutralizing antibodies (Kim et al., 2014)

Mouse Response

• Host Strain: BALB/c
• Vaccination Protocol: 1e8 Infectious Units (IU) ChAdOx1 MERS via the intranasal or intramuscular rout(Munster et al., 2017)
• Immune Response: increased viral neutralizing titer and reduced viral load (Munster et al., 2017)
• Challenge Protocol: hDPP4 mice were challenged intranasally with 1e4 TCID50 MERS-CoV (strain HCoV-EMC2012) (Munster et al., 2017)
• Efficacy: complete protection (Munster et al., 2017)

Mouse Response

• Host Strain: BALB/c
• Vaccination Protocol: intramuscularly injected with 1 μg IV protein adjuvant with 100 μL of alum and 10 μg of CpG at weeks 0, 4, and 8 (Deng et al., 2018)
• Immune Response: anti-S protein and anti-NP IgG response and neutralizing activity. (Deng et al., 2018)
• Challenge Protocol: 9 days of the last immunization, the remaining mice were lightly anesthetized with isoflurane and transduced intranasally with 2.5e8 plaque-forming units (pfu) of Ad5-hDPP443. After 5 days, transduced mice were infected intranasally with MERS-CoV (1e5 pfu) in 50 μL of DMEM (Deng et al., 2018)
• Efficacy: protected (Deng et al., 2018)

Mouse Response

• Host Strain: BALB/cJ (Wang et al., 2015)
• Vaccination Protocol: immunized intramuscularly with plasmid DNA at weeks 0 3, and 6 (Wang et al., 2015)
• Immune Response: Induced high level of neutralizing antibodies (IgG1). (Wang et al., 2015)

Mouse Response

• Host Strain: BALB/cJ
• Vaccination Protocol: S1 MERS-CoV full-length Spike protein at weeks and 3 and then injected with S1 protein plus Ribi adjuvant (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) at week 6 (Wang et al., 2015)
• Immune Response: high titers of neutralizing antibody (Wang et al., 2015)
• Challenge Protocol: Animals were challenged with JordanN3 strain of MERS-CoV (Wang et al., 2015)

Mouse Response

• Host Strain: BALB/cJ
• Vaccination Protocol: immunized with plasmid DNA at weeks 0, 3, and 6 (Wang et al., 2015)
• Immune Response: high titers of neutralizing antibody (Wang et al., 2015)

Mouse Response

• Host Strain: Balb/c (Chi et al., 2017)
• Vaccination Protocol: injected intramuscularly in the quadriceps muscle with 100 μg recombinant plasmid in 100 μL PBS on week 0, 3, 6 (Chi et al., 2017)
• Immune Response: Anti-antigen IgG response and strong neutralizing activity, production of IFN-γ, production of IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, increase in IFN-γ-producing CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. (Chi et al., 2017)

Mouse Response

• Host Strain: Balb/c
• Vaccination Protocol: Mice were given intramuscular immunizations at 4-week intervals of S protein + adjuvant at a dosage of 1 μg of S protein. (Deng et al., 2018)
• Immune Response: Induced S-specific neutralizing antibodies after 2 weeks, though titres were lower than in vaccine 5721. S-specific IgG tires were 10^5 at 6 weeks (after second dose), similar to titres of vaccine 5721. S-specific IgG titres did not increase after the third dosage. The IgG2a/IgG1 and IgG2b/IgG1 ratios were ~1. (Deng et al., 2018)

Mouse Response

• Host Strain: Balb/c (Chen et al., 2017)
• Vaccination Protocol: 35 μg MERS-CoV rS combined with 150 μL Freund’s complete adjuvant (Sigma, St Louis, CA, USA) via subcutaneous immunization and boosted twice at 2-week intervals beginning three weeks after the initial immunization (Chen et al., 2017)
• Immune Response: anti-S protein IgG response and neutralizing activity (Chen et al., 2017)

Mouse Response

• Host Strain: Balb/c (Chen et al., 2017)
• Vaccination Protocol: 35 μg MERS-CoV rS combined with 150 μL Freund’s complete adjuvant (Sigma, St Louis, CA, USA) via subcutaneous immunization and boosted twice at 2-week intervals beginning three weeks after the initial immunization (Chen et al., 2017)
• Immune Response: anti-S protein IgG response and neutralizing activity (Chen et al., 2017)

Mouse Response

• Host Strain: IFNAR−/−-CD46Ge
• Vaccination Protocol: Mice were inoculated intraperitoneally (i.p.) with 1 × 10^5 TCID50 of recombinant virus on days 0 and either on day 21 or 28. (Bodmer et al., 2018)
• Immune Response: Vaccinated animals exhibited high MV virus neutralizing titers (VNT), production of IFN-γ producing cells. (Bodmer et al., 2018)

Mouse Response

• Host Strain: IFNAR−/−-CD46Ge
• Vaccination Protocol: inoculated intraperitoneally (i.p.) with 1 × 105 TCID50 of recombinant MV(Malczyk et al., 2015)
• Immune Response: increased viral neutralizing titers, increased CD8+ T cells with low CFSE (Malczyk et al., 2015)
• Challenge Protocol: immunized mice were transduced intranasally (i.n.) on day 63 with 20 μl of an adenovirus vector encoding human DPP4 and mCherry with a final titer of 2.5e8 PFU per inoculum (AdV-hDPP4; ViraQuest Inc.) and challenged i.n. with 20 μl of MERS-CoV at a final titer of 7e4 TCID50 on day 68.(Malczyk et al., 2015)
• Efficacy: decreased viral loads, even accounting for fraction of mice where transduction of MERS-CoV failed (~30%) (Malczyk et al., 2015)

Mouse Response

• Host Strain: IFNAR−/−-CD46Ge
• Vaccination Protocol: inoculated intraperitoneally (i.p.) with 1 × 105 TCID50 of recombinant MV(Malczyk et al., 2015)
• Immune Response: Immune Response Description: increased viral neutralizing titers, increased CD8+ T cells with low CFSE (Malczyk et al., 2015)
• Challenge Protocol: Challenge Protocol: immunized mice were transduced intranasally (i.n.) on day 63 with 20 μl of an adenovirus vector encoding human DPP4 and mCherry with a final titer of 2.5 × 108 PFU per inoculum (AdV-hDPP4; ViraQuest Inc.) and challenged i.n. with 20 μl of MERS-CoV at a final titer of 7 × 104 TCID50 on day 68.(Malczyk et al., 2015)
• Efficacy: decreased viral loads, even accounting for fraction of mice where transduction of MERS-CoV failed (~30%) (Malczyk et al., 2015

Mouse Response

• Host Strain: BALB/c (Kato et al., 2019)
• Vaccination Protocol: All mice were inoculated intraperitoneally with 100 μL of each virus solution containing 107 FFU/mL or PBS, with the day on which mice were inoculated with viruses defined as day 0. (Kato et al., 2019)
• Immune Response: increased neutralizing antibody titer for MERS-CoV and rabies virus (Kato et al., 2019)
• Description: Safety profile indicated no deaths when inoculated intracerebrally for three weeks with 107 FFU/mL of RVΔP-MERS/S1.

Mouse Response

• Host Strain: BALB/c
• Vaccination Protocol: BALB/c mice vaccinated at 2 μg/ml or 20 μg/ml and boosted with VRP-SARS-N, VRP-SARS-S, or VRP-GFP in the left footpad in 20 μL PBS or intranasally (i.n.) in 50 μL PBS after light anesthesia with isoflurane (Zhao et al., 2016)
• Immune Response: Reduced viral titre load, Production of N-specific CD4+ T cells, Production of IFN-γ, Production of CD8+ T cells. (Zhao et al., 2016)
• Challenge Protocol: Mice were challenged 4-6 weeks after boosting (Zhao et al., 2016)
• Efficacy: protected (Zhao et al., 2016)

Mouse Response

• Host Strain: Balb/c
• Immune Response: Decreased viral titre, increase in N-specific CD4+ T cells and IFN-γ in lungs, production of IL-10, increased mobilization of CD8+ cells to infected lung. (Zhao et al., 2016)
• Efficacy: Protection at 100 pfu, protected at 500 and 1000 PFU doses (Zhao et al., 2016)

Macaque Response

• Host Strain: Macaca mulatta (Wang et al., 2015)
• Vaccination Protocol: Six NHPs in the protein-only group were injected with 100 μg of MERS-CoV S1 protein and AlPO4 adjuvant at weeks 0 and 8. (Wang et al., 2015)
• Immune Response: Induced high level of neutralizing antibodies (IgG1). Sera from immunized NHPs blocked mAbs targeted to the RBD and non-RBD S1 subunit, but not the S2 subunit. (Wang et al., 2015)
• Challenge Protocol: Animals were administered 100 μg of MERS-CoV S1 protein and AlPO4 adjuvant at weeks 0 and 8, then challenged with Jordan N3 strain of MERS-CoV 19 weeks after imunization at 3.1 x 10^6, 3.6 x 10^6, and 3.4 x 10^6 p.f.u. (Wang et al., 2015)
• Efficacy: protected (Wang et al., 2015)

Macaque Response

• Host Strain: Macaca mulatta (Wang et al., 2015)
• Vaccination Protocol: Six NHPs in the S DNA-S1 protein group were injected with 1 mg of plasmid DNA encoding MERS-CoV full-length Spike at weeks 0 and 4 and boosted with 100 μg of MERS-CoV S1 protein and AlPO4 adjuvant (Brenntag Biosector, Frederikssund, Denmark) at week 8 (Wang et al., 2015)
• Challenge Protocol: challenged with Jordan N3 strain of MERS-CoV 19 weeks after immunization at 3.1e6, 3.6e6, and 3.4 e6 p.f.u. (Wang et al., 2015)
• Efficacy: protected (Wang et al., 2015)