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Rubella virus

Table of Contents
  1. General Information
    1. NCBI Taxonomy ID
    2. Disease
    3. Introduction
    4. Microbial Pathogenesis
    5. Host Ranges and Animal Models
  2. Vaccine Related Pathogen Genes
    1. E1 (Protective antigen)
  3. Vaccine Information
    1. Eolarix
    2. M-M-R II
    3. Priorix
    4. Priorix-Tetra
    5. ProQuad
  4. References
I. General Information
1. NCBI Taxonomy ID:
11041
2. Disease:
Rubella
3. Introduction
Rubella virus is a togavirus that is enveloped and has a single-stranded RNA genome. Rubella virus causes Rebella, commonly known as German measles. This disease is often mild and attacks often pass unnoticed. The disease can last one to five days. Children recover more quickly than adults. Infection of the mother by Rubella virus during pregnancy can be serious. After an incubation period of 14-21 days, the primary symptom of rubella virus infection is the appearance of a rash (exanthem) on the face which spreads to the trunk and limbs and usually fades after three days. Other symptoms include low grade fever, swollen glands (post cervical lymphadenopathy), joint pains, headache, conjunctivitis. Rubella can cause congenital rubella syndrome in the newly born (Wiki: Rebella).
4. Microbial Pathogenesis
Rubella virus is transmitted by the respiratory route and replicates in the nasopharynx and lymph nodes. The virus is found in the blood 5 to 7 days after infection and spreads throughout the body. It is capable of crossing the placenta and infecting the fetus where it stops cells from developing or destroys them (Wiki: Rebella).
5. Host Ranges and Animal Models
Humans are the only known host of the rubella virus (Wiki: Rebella).
1. E1
  • Gene Name : E1
  • Sequence Strain (Species/Organism) : Rubella virus
  • NCBI Protein GI : BAB88324
  • Other Database IDs : CDD:283418
  • Taxonomy ID : 11041
  • Protein Name : E1
  • Protein pI : 7.16
  • Protein Weight : 48023.92
  • Protein Length : 529
  • Protein Note : Rubella membrane glycoprotein E1; pfam05748
  • Protein Sequence : Show Sequence
    >BAB88324.1 E1, partial [Rubella virus]
    EEAFTYLCTAPGCATQTPVPVRLAGVRFESKIVDGGCFAPWDLEATGACICEIPTDVSCEGLGAWVPTAP
    CARIWNGTQRACTFWAVNAYSSGGYAQLASYFNPGGSYYKQYHPTACEVEPAFGHSDAACWGFPTDTVMS
    VFALASYVQHPHKTVRVKFHTETRTVWQLSVAGVSCNVTTEHPFCNTPHGQLEVQVPPDPGDLVEYIMNY
    TGNQQSRWGLGSPNCHGPDWASPVCQRHSPDCSRLVGATPERPRLRLVDADDPLLRTAPGPGEVWVTPVI
    GSQARKCGLHIRAGPYGHATVEMPEWIHAHTTSDPWHPPGPLGLKFKTVRPVVLPRTLAPPRNVRVTGCY
    QCGTPALVEGLAPGGGNCHLTVNGEDVGAFPPGKFVTAALLNTPPPYQVSCGGKSDRASARVIDPAAQSF
    TGVVYGTHTTAVSETRQTWAEWAAAHWWQLTLGTICTLLLAGLLACCAKCLYYLRGAIAPR
    
    
  • Molecule Role : Protective antigen
  • Molecule Role Annotation : (Nagieva et al., 2011)
III. Vaccine Information
1. Eolarix
a. Tradename:
Eolarix
b. Manufacturer:
GlaxoSmithKline
c. Vaccine Ontology ID:
VO_0010712
d. Type:
Live, attenuated vaccine
e. Status:
Licensed
f. Location Licensed:
Canada
g. Host Species for Licensed Use:
Human
h. Allergen:
Neomycin
i. Immunization Route
Subcutaneous injection
j. Storage
2 to 8°C (36 to 46°F) or colder. Do not freeze.
k . Approved Age for Licensed Use
1 year and older
l. Description
Products: Live virus. Other components: Human albumin, Lactose, Dextran.
2. M-M-R II
a. Product Name:
Measles, Mumps, and Rubella Virus Vaccine, Live
b. Tradename:
M-M-R II
c. Manufacturer:
Merck & Co., Inc.
d. Vaccine Ontology ID:
VO_0000069
e. CDC CVX code:
03
f. Type:
Live, attenuated vaccine
g. Status:
Licensed
h. Location Licensed:
USA(License #0002), Canada
i. Host Species for Licensed Use:
Human
j. Allergen:
Gelatin, Neomycin, Eggs
k. Preparation
The growth medium for rubella is Minimum Essential Medium (MEM) [a buffered salt solution containing vitamins and amino acids and supplemented with fetal bovine serum] containing recombinant human albumin and neomycin. Sorbitol and hydrolyzed gelatin stabilizer are added to the individual virus harvests (FDA: MMR-II).
l. Immunization Route
subcutaneous injection
m. Storage
2 to 8°C (36 to 46°F) or colder. Do not freeze.
n . Approved Age for Licensed Use
12 months or older
o. Contraindication
Hypersensitivity to any component of the vaccine, a history of anaphylactic or anaphylactoid reactions to neomycin (FDA: MMR-II).
p. Description
M-M-R II is a sterile lyophilized preparation of (1) ATTENUVAX* (Measles Virus Vaccine Live), a more attenuated line of measles virus, derived from Enders' attenuated Edmonston strain and propagated in chick embryo cell culture; (2) MUMPSVAX* (Mumps Virus Vaccine Live), the Jeryl Lynn** (B level) strain of mumps virus propagated in chick embryo cell culture; and (3) MERUVAX* II (Rubella Virus Vaccine Live), the Wistar RA 27/3 strain of live attenuated rubella virus propagated in WI-38 human diploid lung fibroblasts (FDA: MMR-II).
q. Human Response
  • Immune Response: Neutralizing and ELISA antibodies to measles, mumps, and rubella viruses are still detectable in most individuals 11 to 13 years after primary vaccination (FDA: MMR-II).
  • Side Effects: Side effects of vaccination are: fever, headache, dizziness, and irritability.
  • Efficacy: Many clinical studies have shown the vaccine have a high rate of efficacy protection after vaccination with MMR-II (FDA: MMR-II).
3. Priorix
a. Product Name:
Combined measles, mumps and rubella vaccine, live, attenuated
b. Manufacturer:
GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals
c. Vaccine Ontology ID:
VO_0010734
d. Type:
Live, attenuated vaccine
e. Status:
Licensed
f. Location Licensed:
Canada
g. Host Species for Licensed Use:
Human
h. Antigen
Lyophilised mixture of attenuated Schwartz measles (Rampa et al., 2020).
i. Allergen:
Eggs, Neomycin
j. Preparation
Acquired individually by propagation in chick embryo tissue cultures or MRC-5 human diploid cell. Antigen component is reconstituted using sterile water diluent before administered (Rampa et al., 2020).
k. Immunization Route
Subcutaneous injection and Intramuscular injection (i.m.)
l. Storage
Store at at 2 to 8°C.(Rampa et al., 2020)
m . Approved Age for Licensed Use
1 year and older(Rampa et al., 2020)
n. Contraindication
Should not be administered to persons with a history of severe allergic reactions to any component of the vaccine or after a previous dose of any measles, mumps and rubella virus containing vaccine. Pregnancy should be avoided for 1 month after receipt of MMR. (Rampa et al., 2020)
o. Description
Priorix is a single dose live attenuated vaccine for active immunization for the prevention of measles mumps, and rubella in individuals 12 months of age and older. (Rampa et al., 2020)
4. Priorix-Tetra
a. Tradename:
Priorix-Tetra
b. Manufacturer:
GlaxoSmithKline
c. Vaccine Ontology ID:
VO_0010735
d. Type:
Live, attenuated vaccine
e. Status:
Licensed
f. Location Licensed:
Canada
g. Host Species for Licensed Use:
Human
h. Allergen:
Neomycin
i. Immunization Route
Subcutaneous injection
j. Storage
Store at at 2 to 8°C. Do not freeze
k . Approved Age for Licensed Use
9 months to 6 years
l. Description
Products: Live virus. Other components: Lactose.
5. ProQuad
a. Product Name:
Measles, Mumps, Rubella and Varicella Virus Vaccine Live
b. Tradename:
ProQuad
c. Manufacturer:
Merck & Co, Inc.
d. Vaccine Ontology ID:
VO_0000091
e. CDC CVX code:
94
f. Type:
Live, attenuated vaccine
g. Status:
Licensed
h. Location Licensed:
USA (License #0002)
i. Host Species for Licensed Use:
Human
j. Preparation
propagated in WI-38 human diploid lung fibroblasts (FDA: Proquad).
k. Immunization Route
Intramuscular injection (i.m.)
l. Storage
2° to 8°C (36° to 46°F) or colder.
m . Approved Age for Licensed Use
12 months to 12 years old
n. Contraindication
Vaccine should not be administered to anyone with a known history of anaphylactic reactions to neomycin, or to anyone with a history of hypersensitivity to gelatin or any other component of the vaccine (FDA: Proquad).
o. Description
ProQuad is a sterile lyophilized preparation of (1) the components of M-M-R*II (Measles, Mumps and Rubella Virus Vaccine Live): Measles Virus Vaccine Live, a more attenuated line of measles virus, derived from Enders' attenuated Edmonston strain and propagated in chick embryo cell culture; Mumps Virus Vaccine Live, the Jeryl Lynn™ (B level) strain of mumps virus propagated in chick embryo cell culture; Rubella Virus Vaccine Live, the Wistar RA 27/3 strain of live attenuated rubella virus propagated in WI-38 human diploid lung fibroblasts; and (2) Varicella Virus Vaccine Live (Oka/Merck) refrigerator-stable formulation, the Oka/Merck strain of varicella-zoster virus propagated in MRC-5 cells (FDA: Proquad).
p. Human Response
  • Immune Response: According to clinical trials, there were high levels of antibodies in 99.6% of those vaccinated after a single dose of Proquad (FDA: Proquad).
  • Side Effects: Side effects of vaccination include: injection site reactions, fever, irritability and diarrhea.
IV. References
1. FDA: Meruvax II: FDA: Meruvax II vaccine information [http://www.fda.gov/BiologicsBloodVaccines/Vaccines/ApprovedProducts/ucm094064.htm]
2. FDA: MMR-II: FDA: MMR-II Vaccine [http://www.fda.gov/BiologicsBloodVaccines/Vaccines/ApprovedProducts/ucm094050.htm]
3. FDA: Proquad: FDA: Proquad Vaccine [http://www.fda.gov/BiologicsBloodVaccines/Vaccines/ApprovedProducts/ucm188806.htm]
4. Nagieva et al., 2011: Nagieva FG, Nikulina VG, Barkova EP, Zubkov AV, Kuz'mina NS, Desiatskova RG, Tkachnko AV, Iunasova TN. [Monoclonal antibodies to rubella virus glycoprotein E1]. Zhurnal mikrobiologii, epidemiologii, i immunobiologii. 2011; (1); 61-67. [PubMed: 21446169].
5. Wiki: Rebella: Wiki: Rebella [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubella]