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Infectious salmon anemia virus

Table of Contents
  1. General Information
    1. NCBI Taxonomy ID
    2. Disease
    3. Introduction
    4. Microbial Pathogenesis
    5. Host Ranges and Animal Models
  2. Vaccine Related Pathogen Genes
    1. HE (Protective antigen)
  3. Vaccine Information
    1. Infectious Salmon Anemia Virus Inactivated Vaccine
    2. Infectious Salmon Anemia Virus Killed Virus Vaccine-Aeromonas Salmonicida-Vibrio Anguillarum-Ordalii-Salmonicida Bacterin (USDA: 4A45.20)
  4. References
I. General Information
1. NCBI Taxonomy ID:
55987
2. Disease:
Infectious Salmon Anemia
3. Introduction
Infectious salmon anemia or anaemia (ISA) is a viral disease of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) that affects fish farms in Canada, Norway, Scotland and Chile, causing severe losses to infected farms. The disease is listed as a non-exotic disease of the EU and is therefore watched closely by the European Community Reference Laboratory for Fish Diseases. The aetiological agent of ISA is the infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAV). ISAV, a RNA virus, is the only species in the genus "Isavirus" which is in the family Orthomyxoviridae. As the name implies, it causes severe anemia of infected fish. Unlike mammals, the red blood cells of fish have DNA, and can become infected with viruses. The fish develop pale gills, and may swim close to the water surface, gulping for air. However, the disease can also develop without the fish showing any external signs of illness, the fish maintain a normal appetite, and then they suddenly die. The disease can progress slowly throughout an infected farm and, in the worst cases, death rates may approach 100%. Post-mortem examination of the fish has shown a wide range of causes of death. The liver and spleen may be swollen, congested or partially already dead. The circulatory system may stop working, and the blood may be contaminated with dead blood cells. Red blood cells still present often burst easily and the numbers of immature and damaged blood cells are increased (Wiki: Infectious Salmon anemia virus).
4. Microbial Pathogenesis
The major port of ISAV entry is most likely the gill, but oral entry cannot be excluded. Endothelial cells are one of the main target cells for ISAV, but the presence of virus in other cell types including polymorphonuclear leukocytes has been reported. The pathological changes observed in natural outbreaks of ISA may vary between the individual fish and between outbreaks (Rimstad and Mjaaland, 2002).
5. Host Ranges and Animal Models
Apart from Atlantic salmon, both sea-run Brown trout (Salmo trutta) and Rainbow trout (Onchorhyncus mykiss) can be infected, but do not become sick, so it is thought possible that these species may act as important carriers and reservoirs of the virus (Wiki: Infectious Salmon anemia virus).
1. HE
  • Gene Name : HE
  • Sequence Strain (Species/Organism) : Infectious salmon anemia virus
  • NCBI Protein GI : ADT90093
  • Other Database IDs : CDD:283797
  • Taxonomy ID : 55987
  • Protein Name : hemagglutinin-esterase
  • Protein pI : 5.01
  • Protein Weight : 36700.11
  • Protein Length : 430
  • Protein Note : Infectious salmon anaemia virus haemagglutinin; pfam06215
  • Protein Sequence : Show Sequence
    >ADT90093.1 hemagglutinin-esterase, partial [Salmon isavirus]
    RNYPDTTWIGDSRSDQSRVNPQSLDLVTEFKGVLQAKNGNGLLKQMSGRFPSDWYTPTTKYRILYLGTND
    CTDGPTDMIIPTSMTLDNAARELYLGACRGDVRVTPTFVGAAIVGLVGRTDAITGFSVKVLTFSSPTIVV
    VGLNGMSGIYKVCIAATSGNVGGVTLINGCGYFNTPLRFDNFKGQIYVSDTFEVRGTKNKCVLLRSSSDT
    PLCSHIMRNVELDEYVDTPNTGGVYPSDGFDSLHGSASVRTFLTDALTCPDIDWSRIDAASCEYDSCPKM
    VKDFDQTSLGNTDTLIMREVALHKEMISKLQRNITDVKIRVDAIPPQLNQTFNTNQVEQPANSVLSNIFI
    SMGVAGFGIAL
    
    
  • Molecule Role : Protective antigen
  • Molecule Role Annotation : (Mikalsen et al., 2005)
III. Vaccine Information
1. Infectious Salmon Anemia Virus Inactivated Vaccine
a. Type:
Inactivated or "killed" vaccine
b. Status:
Research
c. Host Species for Licensed Use:
None
d. Antigen
ISAV isolate Bremnes 98 (Lauscher et al., 2011)
e. Preparation
The vaccine antigen was produced as lysates of ISAV- infected SHK-1 cells inactivated by 0.1% formalin at 4°C for 7 days. The vaccine was formulated as a water-in-oil emulsion using MontanideTM ISA 763A (Seppic) with an adjuvant/antigen ratio of 70/30 (weight/weight). (Lauscher et al., 2011)
f. Immunization Route
Intraperitoneal injection (i.p.)
g. Description
Inactivated ISAV vaccine with high antigen dose is able to induce protective efficacy in Atlantic salmon. (Lauscher et al., 2011)
h. Fish Response
  • Vaccination Protocol: The fish were randomly picked from a reservoir population (n > 1500) and vaccinated group by group as they came by hand (60 fish per group in tank I and 90 fish per group in tank II). Groups 1–3 were immunized with the vaccine ISAV 100%, 20% and 4%, respectively, while fish in groups 4 and 5 were injected with mock vaccine (adjuvant control) and physiological saline, respectively. One dose was 0.1 ml, given by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection. (Lauscher et al., 2011)
  • Immune Response: The numbers of ISAV- antibodies positive fish were significantly higher (p < 0.001) in the group ISAV 100% than in the group ISAV 20% at all samplings. ISAV-specific antibodies were not detected by ELISA in any of the eight control fish sampled prior to vaccination. (Lauscher et al., 2011)
  • Challenge Protocol: Six weeks post vaccination (wpv), 49 and 50 “shedder” fish infected i.p. with 0.1 ml ISAV of a Chilean field isolate i.e., approximately 3 × 10^6 TCID50 /fish, were placed into tanks I and II, respectively. (Lauscher et al., 2011)
  • Efficacy: The mortality curve of the group injected with saline was almost identical with that of the group adjuvant control, and on 45 dpc the cumulative mortalities were 71.7% and 63.3% for these groups, respectively. The vaccinated groups showed declining cumulative mortality with increasing amounts of ISAV antigen, with 55.0% for ISAV 4%, 28.3% for ISAV 20% and 10.0% for ISAV 100%. The cumulative mortality was significant lower in group ISAV 100% than in group ISAV 20% (p<0.02) and highly significant lower than in all other groups (p < 0.001). (Lauscher et al., 2011)
2. Infectious Salmon Anemia Virus Killed Virus Vaccine-Aeromonas Salmonicida-Vibrio Anguillarum-Ordalii-Salmonicida Bacterin (USDA: 4A45.20)
a. Manufacturer:
Novartis Animal Health US, Inc
b. Vaccine Ontology ID:
VO_0002320
c. Type:
Inactivated or "killed" vaccine
d. Status:
Licensed
e. Location Licensed:
USA
f. Host Species for Licensed Use:
Fish
IV. References
1. Mikalsen et al., 2005: Mikalsen AB, Sindre H, Torgersen J, Rimstad E. Protective effects of a DNA vaccine expressing the infectious salmon anemia virus hemagglutinin-esterase in Atlantic salmon. Vaccine. 2005; 23(41); 4895-4905. [PubMed: 16005119].
2. Rimstad and Mjaaland, 2002: Rimstad E, Mjaaland S. Infectious salmon anaemia virus. APMIS : acta pathologica, microbiologica, et immunologica Scandinavica. 2002; 110(4); 273-282. [PubMed: 12076262].
3. Wiki: Infectious Salmon anemia virus: Wiki: Infectious Salmon anemia virus [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infectious_salmon_anemia_virus]