VIOLIN: Vaccine Investigation and Online Information Network

MERS-CoV

Table of Contents

General Information
1. NCBI Taxonomy ID
2. Disease
Vaccine Related Pathogen Genes
1. N from MERS-CoV (Protective antigen)
2. S from MERS-CoV (Protective antigen)
Vaccine Information
References

I. General Information

1. NCBI Taxonomy ID:

1335626

2. Disease:

Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)

II. Vaccine Related Pathogen Genes

1. N from MERS-CoV

Gene Name : N from MERS-CoV
Sequence Strain (Species/Organism) : Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus
NCBI Gene ID : 14254601
NCBI Protein GI : 667489396
Locus Tag : G128_gp09
Protein Accession : YP_009047211
Taxonomy ID : 1335626
Gene Starting Position : 28565
Gene Ending Position : 29806
Gene Strand (Orientation) : +
Protein Name : nucleoprotein
Protein pI : 10.69
Protein Weight : 43473.19
Protein Length : 413

DNA Sequence : Show Sequence

>NC_019843.3:28565-29806 Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, complete genome
TATGGCATCCCCTGCTGCACCTCGTGCTGTTTCCTTTGCCGATAACAATGATATAACAAATACAAACCTA
TCTCGAGGTAGAGGACGTAATCCAAAACCACGAGCTGCACCAAATAACACTGTCTCTTGGTACACTGGGC
TTACCCAACACGGGAAAGTCCCTCTTACCTTTCCACCTGGGCAGGGTGTACCTCTTAATGCCAATTCTAC
CCCTGCGCAAAATGCTGGGTATTGGCGGAGACAGGACAGAAAAATTAATACCGGGAATGGAATTAAGCAA
CTGGCTCCCAGGTGGTACTTCTACTACACTGGAACTGGACCCGAAGCAGCACTCCCATTCCGGGCTGTTA
AGGATGGCATCGTTTGGGTCCATGAAGATGGCGCCACTGATGCTCCTTCAACTTTTGGGACGCGGAACCC
TAACAATGATTCAGCTATTGTTACACAATTCGCGCCCGGTACTAAGCTTCCTAAAAACTTCCACATTGAG
GGGACTGGAGGCAATAGTCAATCATCTTCAAGAGCCTCTAGCTTAAGCAGAAACTCTTCCAGATCTAGTT
CACAAGGTTCAAGATCAGGAAACTCTACCCGCGGCACTTCTCCAGGTCCATCTGGAATCGGAGCAGTAGG
AGGTGATCTACTTTACCTTGATCTTCTGAACAGACTACAAGCCCTTGAGTCTGGCAAAGTAAAGCAATCG
CAGCCAAAAGTAATCACTAAGAAAGATGCTGCTGCTGCTAAAAATAAGATGCGCCACAAGCGCACTTCCA
CCAAAAGTTTCAACATGGTGCAAGCTTTTGGTCTTCGCGGACCAGGAGACCTCCAGGGAAACTTTGGTGA
TCTTCAATTGAATAAACTCGGCACTGAGGACCCACGTTGGCCCCAAATTGCTGAGCTTGCTCCTACAGCC
AGTGCTTTTATGGGTATGTCGCAATTTAAACTTACCCATCAGAACAATGATGATCATGGCAACCCTGTGT
ACTTCCTTCGGTACAGTGGAGCCATTAAACTTGACCCAAAGAATCCCAACTACAATAAGTGGTTGGAGCT
TCTTGAGCAAAATATTGATGCCTACAAAACCTTCCCTAAGAAGGAAAAGAAACAAAAGGCACCAAAAGAA
GAATCAACAGACCAAATGTCTGAACCTCCAAAGGAGCAGCGTGTGCAAGGTAGCATCACTCAGCGCACTC
GCACCCGTCCAAGTGTTCAGCCTGGTCCAATGATTGATGTTAACACTGATTA

Protein Sequence : Show Sequence

>YP_009047211.1 nucleoprotein [Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus]
MASPAAPRAVSFADNNDITNTNLSRGRGRNPKPRAAPNNTVSWYTGLTQHGKVPLTFPPGQGVPLNANST
PAQNAGYWRRQDRKINTGNGIKQLAPRWYFYYTGTGPEAALPFRAVKDGIVWVHEDGATDAPSTFGTRNP
NNDSAIVTQFAPGTKLPKNFHIEGTGGNSQSSSRASSLSRNSSRSSSQGSRSGNSTRGTSPGPSGIGAVG
GDLLYLDLLNRLQALESGKVKQSQPKVITKKDAAAAKNKMRHKRTSTKSFNMVQAFGLRGPGDLQGNFGD
LQLNKLGTEDPRWPQIAELAPTASAFMGMSQFKLTHQNNDDHGNPVYFLRYSGAIKLDPKNPNYNKWLEL
LEQNIDAYKTFPKKEKKQKAPKEESTDQMSEPPKEQRVQGSITQRTRTRPSVQPGPMIDVNTD

Molecule Role : Protective antigen

2. S from MERS-CoV

Gene Name : S from MERS-CoV
Sequence Strain (Species/Organism) : Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus
NCBI Gene ID : 14254594
NCBI Protein GI : 667489389
Locus Tag : G128_gp02
Protein Accession : YP_009047204
Taxonomy ID : 1335626
Gene Starting Position : 21455
Gene Ending Position : 25516
Gene Strand (Orientation) : +
Protein Name : spike glycoprotein
Protein pI : 5.92
Protein Weight : 139840.56
Protein Length : 1353

DNA Sequence : Show Sequence

>NC_019843.3:21455-25516 Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, complete genome
AATGATACACTCAGTGTTTCTACTGATGTTCTTGTTAACACCTACAGAAAGTTACGTTGATGTAGGGCCA
GATTCTGTTAAGTCTGCTTGTATTGAGGTTGATATACAACAGACTTTCTTTGATAAAACTTGGCCTAGGC
CAATTGATGTTTCTAAGGCTGACGGTATTATATACCCTCAAGGCCGTACATATTCTAACATAACTATCAC
TTATCAAGGTCTTTTTCCCTATCAGGGAGACCATGGTGATATGTATGTTTACTCTGCAGGACATGCTACA
GGCACAACTCCACAAAAGTTGTTTGTAGCTAACTATTCTCAGGACGTCAAACAGTTTGCTAATGGGTTTG
TCGTCCGTATAGGAGCAGCTGCCAATTCCACTGGCACTGTTATTATTAGCCCATCTACCAGCGCTACTAT
ACGAAAAATTTACCCTGCTTTTATGCTGGGTTCTTCAGTTGGTAATTTCTCAGATGGTAAAATGGGCCGC
TTCTTCAATCATACTCTAGTTCTTTTGCCCGATGGATGTGGCACTTTACTTAGAGCTTTTTATTGTATTC
TAGAGCCTCGCTCTGGAAATCATTGTCCTGCTGGCAATTCCTATACTTCTTTTGCCACTTATCACACTCC
TGCAACAGATTGTTCTGATGGCAATTACAATCGTAATGCCAGTCTGAACTCTTTTAAGGAGTATTTTAAT
TTACGTAACTGCACCTTTATGTACACTTATAACATTACCGAAGATGAGATTTTAGAGTGGTTTGGCATTA
CACAAACTGCTCAAGGTGTTCACCTCTTCTCATCTCGGTATGTTGATTTGTACGGCGGCAATATGTTTCA
ATTTGCCACCTTGCCTGTTTATGATACTATTAAGTATTATTCTATCATTCCTCACAGTATTCGTTCTATC
CAAAGTGATAGAAAAGCTTGGGCTGCCTTCTACGTATATAAACTTCAACCGTTAACTTTCCTGTTGGATT
TTTCTGTTGATGGTTATATACGCAGAGCTATAGACTGTGGTTTTAATGATTTGTCACAACTCCACTGCTC
ATATGAATCCTTCGATGTTGAATCTGGAGTTTATTCAGTTTCGTCTTTCGAAGCAAAACCTTCTGGCTCA
GTTGTGGAACAGGCTGAAGGTGTTGAATGTGATTTTTCACCTCTTCTGTCTGGCACACCTCCTCAGGTTT
ATAATTTCAAGCGTTTGGTTTTTACCAATTGCAATTATAATCTTACCAAATTGCTTTCACTTTTTTCTGT
GAATGATTTTACTTGTAGTCAAATATCTCCAGCAGCAATTGCTAGCAACTGTTATTCTTCACTGATTTTG
GATTACTTTTCATACCCACTTAGTATGAAATCCGATCTCAGTGTTAGTTCTGCTGGTCCAATATCCCAGT
TTAATTATAAACAGTCCTTTTCTAATCCCACATGTTTGATTTTAGCGACTGTTCCTCATAACCTTACTAC
TATTACTAAGCCTCTTAAGTACAGCTATATTAACAAGTGCTCTCGTCTTCTTTCTGATGATCGTACTGAA
GTACCTCAGTTAGTGAACGCTAATCAATACTCACCCTGTGTATCCATTGTCCCATCCACTGTGTGGGAAG
ACGGTGATTATTATAGGAAACAACTATCTCCACTTGAAGGTGGTGGCTGGCTTGTTGCTAGTGGCTCAAC
TGTTGCCATGACTGAGCAATTACAGATGGGCTTTGGTATTACAGTTCAATATGGTACAGACACCAATAGT
GTTTGCCCCAAGCTTGAATTTGCTAATGACACAAAAATTGCCTCTCAATTAGGCAATTGCGTGGAATATT
CCCTCTATGGTGTTTCGGGCCGTGGTGTTTTTCAGAATTGCACAGCTGTAGGTGTTCGACAGCAGCGCTT
TGTTTATGATGCGTACCAGAATTTAGTTGGCTATTATTCTGATGATGGCAACTACTACTGTTTGCGTGCT
TGTGTTAGTGTTCCTGTTTCTGTCATCTATGATAAAGAAACTAAAACCCACGCTACTCTATTTGGTAGTG
TTGCATGTGAACACATTTCTTCTACCATGTCTCAATACTCCCGTTCTACGCGATCAATGCTTAAACGGCG
AGATTCTACATATGGCCCCCTTCAGACACCTGTTGGTTGTGTCCTAGGACTTGTTAATTCCTCTTTGTTC
GTAGAGGACTGCAAGTTGCCTCTTGGTCAATCTCTCTGTGCTCTTCCTGACACACCTAGTACTCTCACAC
CTCGCAGTGTGCGCTCTGTTCCAGGTGAAATGCGCTTGGCATCCATTGCTTTTAATCATCCTATTCAGGT
TGATCAACTTAATAGTAGTTATTTTAAATTAAGTATACCCACTAATTTTTCCTTTGGTGTGACTCAGGAG
TACATTCAGACAACCATTCAGAAAGTTACTGTTGATTGTAAACAGTACGTTTGCAATGGTTTCCAGAAGT
GTGAGCAATTACTGCGCGAGTATGGCCAGTTTTGTTCCAAAATAAACCAGGCTCTCCATGGTGCCAATTT
ACGCCAGGATGATTCTGTACGTAATTTGTTTGCGAGCGTGAAAAGCTCTCAATCATCTCCTATCATACCA
GGTTTTGGAGGTGACTTTAATTTGACACTTCTAGAACCTGTTTCTATATCTACTGGCAGTCGTAGTGCAC
GTAGTGCTATTGAGGATTTGCTATTTGACAAAGTCACTATAGCTGATCCTGGTTATATGCAAGGTTACGA
TGATTGCATGCAGCAAGGTCCAGCATCAGCTCGTGATCTTATTTGTGCTCAATATGTGGCTGGTTACAAA
GTATTACCTCCTCTTATGGATGTTAATATGGAAGCCGCGTATACTTCATCTTTGCTTGGCAGCATAGCAG
GTGTTGGCTGGACTGCTGGCTTATCCTCCTTTGCTGCTATTCCATTTGCACAGAGTATCTTTTATAGGTT
AAACGGTGTTGGCATTACTCAACAGGTTCTTTCAGAGAACCAAAAGCTTATTGCCAATAAGTTTAATCAG
GCTCTGGGAGCTATGCAAACAGGCTTCACTACAACTAATGAAGCTTTTCAGAAGGTTCAGGATGCTGTGA
ACAACAATGCACAGGCTCTATCCAAATTAGCTAGCGAGCTATCTAATACTTTTGGTGCTATTTCCGCCTC
TATTGGAGACATCATACAACGTCTTGATGTTCTCGAACAGGACGCCCAAATAGACAGACTTATTAATGGC
CGTTTGACAACACTAAATGCTTTTGTTGCACAGCAGCTTGTTCGTTCCGAATCAGCTGCTCTTTCCGCTC
AATTGGCTAAAGATAAAGTCAATGAGTGTGTCAAGGCACAATCCAAGCGTTCTGGATTTTGCGGTCAAGG
CACACATATAGTGTCCTTTGTTGTAAATGCCCCTAATGGCCTTTACTTCATGCATGTTGGTTATTACCCT
AGCAACCACATTGAGGTTGTTTCTGCTTATGGTCTTTGCGATGCAGCTAACCCTACTAATTGTATAGCCC
CTGTTAATGGCTACTTTATTAAAACTAATAACACTAGGATTGTTGATGAGTGGTCATATACTGGCTCGTC
CTTCTATGCACCTGAGCCCATTACCTCCCTTAATACTAAGTATGTTGCACCACAGGTGACATACCAAAAC
ATTTCTACTAACCTCCCTCCTCCTCTTCTCGGCAATTCCACCGGGATTGACTTCCAAGATGAGTTGGATG
AGTTTTTCAAAAATGTTAGCACCAGTATACCTAATTTTGGTTCCCTAACACAGATTAATACTACATTACT
CGATCTTACCTACGAGATGTTGTCTCTTCAACAAGTTGTTAAAGCCCTTAATGAGTCTTACATAGACCTT
AAAGAGCTTGGCAATTATACTTATTACAACAAATGGCCGTGGTACATTTGGCTTGGTTTCATTGCTGGGC
TTGTTGCCTTAGCTCTATGCGTCTTCTTCATACTGTGCTGCACTGGTTGTGGCACAAACTGTATGGGAAA
ACTTAAGTGTAATCGTTGTTGTGATAGATACGAGGAATACGACCTCGAGCCGCATAAGGTTCATGTTCAC
TA

Protein Sequence : Show Sequence

>YP_009047204.1 spike glycoprotein [Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus]
MIHSVFLLMFLLTPTESYVDVGPDSVKSACIEVDIQQTFFDKTWPRPIDVSKADGIIYPQGRTYSNITIT
YQGLFPYQGDHGDMYVYSAGHATGTTPQKLFVANYSQDVKQFANGFVVRIGAAANSTGTVIISPSTSATI
RKIYPAFMLGSSVGNFSDGKMGRFFNHTLVLLPDGCGTLLRAFYCILEPRSGNHCPAGNSYTSFATYHTP
ATDCSDGNYNRNASLNSFKEYFNLRNCTFMYTYNITEDEILEWFGITQTAQGVHLFSSRYVDLYGGNMFQ
FATLPVYDTIKYYSIIPHSIRSIQSDRKAWAAFYVYKLQPLTFLLDFSVDGYIRRAIDCGFNDLSQLHCS
YESFDVESGVYSVSSFEAKPSGSVVEQAEGVECDFSPLLSGTPPQVYNFKRLVFTNCNYNLTKLLSLFSV
NDFTCSQISPAAIASNCYSSLILDYFSYPLSMKSDLSVSSAGPISQFNYKQSFSNPTCLILATVPHNLTT
ITKPLKYSYINKCSRLLSDDRTEVPQLVNANQYSPCVSIVPSTVWEDGDYYRKQLSPLEGGGWLVASGST
VAMTEQLQMGFGITVQYGTDTNSVCPKLEFANDTKIASQLGNCVEYSLYGVSGRGVFQNCTAVGVRQQRF
VYDAYQNLVGYYSDDGNYYCLRACVSVPVSVIYDKETKTHATLFGSVACEHISSTMSQYSRSTRSMLKRR
DSTYGPLQTPVGCVLGLVNSSLFVEDCKLPLGQSLCALPDTPSTLTPRSVRSVPGEMRLASIAFNHPIQV
DQLNSSYFKLSIPTNFSFGVTQEYIQTTIQKVTVDCKQYVCNGFQKCEQLLREYGQFCSKINQALHGANL
RQDDSVRNLFASVKSSQSSPIIPGFGGDFNLTLLEPVSISTGSRSARSAIEDLLFDKVTIADPGYMQGYD
DCMQQGPASARDLICAQYVAGYKVLPPLMDVNMEAAYTSSLLGSIAGVGWTAGLSSFAAIPFAQSIFYRL
NGVGITQQVLSENQKLIANKFNQALGAMQTGFTTTNEAFQKVQDAVNNNAQALSKLASELSNTFGAISAS
IGDIIQRLDVLEQDAQIDRLINGRLTTLNAFVAQQLVRSESAALSAQLAKDKVNECVKAQSKRSGFCGQG
THIVSFVVNAPNGLYFMHVGYYPSNHIEVVSAYGLCDAANPTNCIAPVNGYFIKTNNTRIVDEWSYTGSS
FYAPEPITSLNTKYVAPQVTYQNISTNLPPPLLGNSTGIDFQDELDEFFKNVSTSIPNFGSLTQINTTLL
DLTYEMLSLQQVVKALNESYIDLKELGNYTYYNKWPWYIWLGFIAGLVALALCVFFILCCTGCGTNCMGK
LKCNRCCDRYEEYDLEPHKVHVH

Molecule Role : Protective antigen
Molecule Role Annotation : MERS-CoV S spike protein is a protective antigen (Deng et al., 2018).
Related Vaccine(s): MERS England1 S DNA vaccine , MERS-CoV pcDNA3.1-S1 DNA vaccine , MERS-CoV S vaccine adjuvanted with CpG and Alum , MERS-CoV-S rNTD vaccine , MERS-CoV-S rRBD vaccine

III. Vaccine Information

1. Ad41.MERS-S protein

a. Type:

Recombinant vector vaccine

b. Status:

Licensed

c. Host Species for Licensed Use:

None

d. Host Species as Laboratory Animal Model:

mouse

e. Antigen

S protein(Guo et al., 2015)

f. Vector:

adenovirus type 41 (Guo et al., 2015)

g. Immunization Route

Intramuscular injection (i.m.)

h. Description

Adenovirus type 41 used as vector for MERS-CoV S protein (Guo et al., 2015)

2. Ad5.MERS-S vaccine

a. Type:

Recombinant vector vaccine

b. Status:

Research

c. Host Species for Licensed Use:

Mouse

d. Host Species as Laboratory Animal Model:

mouse

e. Antigen

S from MERS-CoV(Kim et al., 2014).

f. Immunization Route

Intramuscular injection (i.m.)

g. Description

Recombinant adenoviral vector encoding the full-length MERS-CoV S protein (Ad5.MERS-S) (Kim et al., 2014)

h. Mouse Response

Host Strain: BALB/C(Kim et al., 2014)
Vaccination Protocol: inoculated intramuscularly with 1e11 viral particles of Vaccine 5719 and boosted intranasally 3 weeks after with 1e11 viral particles of Vaccine 5719
Immune Response: increased titers of neutralizing antibodies, slightly higher specific response than Vaccine 5720 vaccine (Kim et al., 2014)

3. Ad5.MERS-S1 vaccine

a. Type:

Recombinant vector vaccine

b. Status:

Research

c. Host Species for Licensed Use:

Mouse

d. Antigen

S1 subunit of S from MERS-CoV (Kim et al., 2014).

e. Immunization Route

Intramuscular injection (i.m.)

f. Description

Recombinant adenoviral vector encoding the the S1 extracellular domain of S protein (Ad5.MERS-S1). (Kim et al., 2014)

g. Mouse Response

Host Strain: BALB/C
Vaccination Protocol: inoculated intramuscularly with 1e11 viral particles of Vaccine 5720 and boosted intranasally 3 weeks after with 1e11 viral particles of Vaccine 5720 (Kim et al., 2014)
Immune Response: increased titers of neutralizing antibodies (Kim et al., 2014)

4. ChAdOx1-MERS-S vaccine

a. Type:

Recombinant vector vaccine

b. Status:

Clinical trial

c. Host Species for Licensed Use:

Human

d. Host Species as Laboratory Animal Model:

camel, mouse

e. Antigen

S protein

f. Vector:

chimpanzee adenovirus Oxford 1 (Munster et al., 2017)

g. Immunization Route

Intramuscular injection (i.m.)

h. Description

Chimpanzee adenovirus Oxford 1 vector expressing S protein from MERS-CoV (Munster et al., 2017)

i. Mouse Response

Host Strain: BALB/c
Vaccination Protocol: 1e8 Infectious Units (IU) ChAdOx1 MERS via the intranasal or intramuscular rout(Munster et al., 2017)
Immune Response: increased viral neutralizing titer and reduced viral load (Munster et al., 2017)
Challenge Protocol: hDPP4 mice were challenged intranasally with 1e4 TCID50 MERS-CoV (strain HCoV-EMC2012) (Munster et al., 2017)
Efficacy: complete protection (Munster et al., 2017)

j. Human Response

Vaccination Protocol: Single intramuscular injection of ChAdOx1 5e9, 2.5e10, 5e10 MERS at (Folegatti et al., 2020)
Immune Response: Significant increase from baseline in T-cell (p<0·003) and IgG (p<0·0001) responses to the MERS-CoV spike antigen was observed at all doses. Four (44% [95% CI 19-73]) of nine participants had neutralizing antibodies against live MERS-CoV and 19 (79% [58-93]) of 24 participants had antibodies capable of neutralisation in a pseudotyped virus neutralisation assay (Folegatti et al., 2020).
Side Effects: 92 (74% [95% CI 66-81]) of 124 solicited adverse events were mild, 31 (25% [18-33]) were moderate, and all were self-limiting. One serious adverse event determined to be unrelated to vaccine.5e10 dosage had significantly higher proportion of moderate and severe adverse events to lower doses.(Folegatti et al., 2020)
Description: Phase I Clinical Results were sufficient to proceed to field phase 1b and phase 2 trails (Folegatti et al., 2020)

5. GLS-5300 Vaccine

a. Type:

DNA vaccine

b. Status:

Clinical trial

c. Host Species for Licensed Use:

Human

d. Antigen

MERS-CoV S protein(Modjarrad et al., 2019)

e. Immunization Route

Intramuscular injection (i.m.)

f. Human Response

Vaccination Protocol: Patients were immunized with 1mL of 0.67 mg (low dose), 2 mg (middle dose), or 6 mg (high dose) GLS-5300 on day 1, week 4, and week 12 with co-localized intramuscular electroporation afterwards. (Modjarrad et al., 2019)
Immune Response: S1-specific and S-specific antibodies were detectable in most patients between first and third doses. Neutralizing antibodies were not maintained through the end of the study (by most participants). IFN-γ detected in all groups. (Modjarrad et al., 2019)

6. Inactivated whole MERS-CoV (IV) vaccine with CpG and Alum

a. Type:

Inactivated or "killed" vaccine

b. Status:

Research

c. Host Species for Licensed Use:

None

d. Host Species as Laboratory Animal Model:

mouse

e. Antigen

whole virus (Deng et al., 2018)

f. Immunization Route

Intramuscular injection (i.m.)

g. Description

inactivated whole MERS-CoV (IV) with a combined adjuvant (alum+CpG) as a vaccine formulation caused protection (Deng et al., 2018).

h. Mouse Response

Host Strain: BALB/c
Vaccination Protocol: intramuscularly injected with 1 μg IV protein adjuvant with 100 μL of alum and 10 μg of CpG at weeks 0, 4, and 8 (Deng et al., 2018)
Immune Response: anti-S protein and anti-NP IgG response and neutralizing activity. (Deng et al., 2018)
Challenge Protocol: 9 days of the last immunization, the remaining mice were lightly anesthetized with isoflurane and transduced intranasally with 2.5e8 plaque-forming units (pfu) of Ad5-hDPP443. After 5 days, transduced mice were infected intranasally with MERS-CoV (1e5 pfu) in 50 μL of DMEM (Deng et al., 2018)
Efficacy: protected (Deng et al., 2018)

7. MERS England S1 subunit protein vaccine

a. Type:

Subunit vaccine

b. Status:

Research

c. Host Species for Licensed Use:

None

d. Host Species as Laboratory Animal Model:

mouse, rhesus monkey

e. Antigen

S1 subunit of S from MERS-CoV. (Wang et al., 2015)

f. Immunization Route

Intramuscular injection (i.m.)

g. Description

A DNA vaccine constructed from a plasmid vaccines that encoded S1 subunit only. (Wang et al., 2015)

h. Mouse Response

Host Strain: BALB/cJ (Wang et al., 2015)
Vaccination Protocol: immunized intramuscularly with plasmid DNA at weeks 0 3, and 6 (Wang et al., 2015)
Immune Response: Induced high level of neutralizing antibodies (IgG1). (Wang et al., 2015)

i. Macaque Response

Host Strain: Macaca mulatta (Wang et al., 2015)
Vaccination Protocol: Six NHPs in the protein-only group were injected with 100 μg of MERS-CoV S1 protein and AlPO4 adjuvant at weeks 0 and 8. (Wang et al., 2015)
Immune Response: Induced high level of neutralizing antibodies (IgG1). Sera from immunized NHPs blocked mAbs targeted to the RBD and non-RBD S1 subunit, but not the S2 subunit. (Wang et al., 2015)
Challenge Protocol: Animals were administered 100 μg of MERS-CoV S1 protein and AlPO4 adjuvant at weeks 0 and 8, then challenged with Jordan N3 strain of MERS-CoV 19 weeks after imunization at 3.1 x 10^6, 3.6 x 10^6, and 3.4 x 10^6 p.f.u. (Wang et al., 2015)
Efficacy: protected (Wang et al., 2015)

8. MERS England1 S DNA + MERS England1 S protein subunit vaccine

a. Type:

Mixed, DNA vaccine and Subunit vaccine

b. Status:

Research

c. Host Species for Licensed Use:

None

d. Host Species as Laboratory Animal Model:

mouse, rhesus monkey

e. Immunization Route

Intramuscular injection (i.m.)

f. Description

A mixed vaccine using England S1 subunit protein vaccine and England1 S DNA vaccine. VRC8400 plasmid used to construct antigen (Wang et al., 2015)

g. Mouse Response

Host Strain: BALB/cJ
Vaccination Protocol: S1 MERS-CoV full-length Spike protein at weeks and 3 and then injected with S1 protein plus Ribi adjuvant (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) at week 6 (Wang et al., 2015)
Immune Response: high titers of neutralizing antibody (Wang et al., 2015)
Challenge Protocol: Animals were challenged with JordanN3 strain of MERS-CoV (Wang et al., 2015)

h. Macaque Response

Host Strain: Macaca mulatta (Wang et al., 2015)
Vaccination Protocol: Six NHPs in the S DNA-S1 protein group were injected with 1 mg of plasmid DNA encoding MERS-CoV full-length Spike at weeks 0 and 4 and boosted with 100 μg of MERS-CoV S1 protein and AlPO4 adjuvant (Brenntag Biosector, Frederikssund, Denmark) at week 8 (Wang et al., 2015)
Challenge Protocol: challenged with Jordan N3 strain of MERS-CoV 19 weeks after immunization at 3.1e6, 3.6e6, and 3.4 e6 p.f.u. (Wang et al., 2015)
Efficacy: protected (Wang et al., 2015)

9. MERS England1 S DNA vaccine

a. Type:

DNA vaccine

b. Status:

Research

c. Host Species for Licensed Use:

None

d. Host Species as Laboratory Animal Model:

mouse, rhesus monkey

e. Antigen

S from MERS-CoV (Wang et al., 2015)

f. Gene Engineering of S from MERS-CoV

Type: DNA vaccine construction
Description:
Detailed Gene Information: Click here.

g. Immunization Route

Intramuscular injection (i.m.)

h. Description

A DNA vaccine constructed from a plasmid vaccines that encoded full-length, membrane-anchored Spike protein. VRC8400 plasmid used to construct antigen (Wang et al., 2015)

i. Mouse Response

Host Strain: BALB/cJ
Vaccination Protocol: immunized with plasmid DNA at weeks 0, 3, and 6 (Wang et al., 2015)
Immune Response: high titers of neutralizing antibody (Wang et al., 2015)

10. MERS-CoV pcDNA3.1-S1 DNA vaccine

a. Type:

DNA vaccine

b. Status:

Research

c. Host Species for Licensed Use:

None

d. Host Species as Laboratory Animal Model:

mouse

e. Antigen

S from MERS-CoV (Chi et al., 2017)

f. Gene Engineering of S from MERS-CoV

Type: DNA vaccine construction
Description: Plasmid created containing first 735 amino acids of S from MERS-CoV (Chi et al., 2017)
Detailed Gene Information: Click here.

g. Immunization Route

Intramuscular injection (i.m.)

h. Description

DNA vaccine encoding the first 725 amino acids of S from MERS-CoV induces antigen-specific humoral and cellular immune responses in mice (Chi et al., 2017)

i. Mouse Response

Host Strain: Balb/c (Chi et al., 2017)
Vaccination Protocol: injected intramuscularly in the quadriceps muscle with 100 μg recombinant plasmid in 100 μL PBS on week 0, 3, 6 (Chi et al., 2017)
Immune Response: Anti-antigen IgG response and strong neutralizing activity, production of IFN-γ, production of IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, increase in IFN-γ-producing CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. (Chi et al., 2017)

11. MERS-CoV S vaccine adjuvanted with CpG and Alum

a. Type:

Subunit vaccine

b. Status:

Research

c. Host Species for Licensed Use:

None

d. Host Species as Laboratory Animal Model:

mouse

e. Gene Engineering of S from MERS-CoV

Type: Recombinant protein preparation
Description: The S spike protein was conjugated with CpG or Alum as a subunit MERS vaccine (Deng et al., 2018).
Detailed Gene Information: Click here.

f. Immunization Route

Intramuscular injection (i.m.)

g. Description

The spike protein of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus adjuvanted with CpG and Alum provided protection against infection of MERS-CoV (Deng et al., 2018).

h. Mouse Response

Host Strain: Balb/c
Vaccination Protocol: Mice were given intramuscular immunizations at 4-week intervals of S protein + adjuvant at a dosage of 1 μg of S protein. (Deng et al., 2018)
Immune Response: Induced S-specific neutralizing antibodies after 2 weeks, though titres were lower than in vaccine 5721. S-specific IgG tires were 10^5 at 6 weeks (after second dose), similar to titres of vaccine 5721. S-specific IgG titres did not increase after the third dosage. The IgG2a/IgG1 and IgG2b/IgG1 ratios were ~1. (Deng et al., 2018)

12. MERS-CoV VLP vaccine

a. Type:

Subunit vaccine

b. Status:

Research

c. Host Species for Licensed Use:

Macaque

d. Host Species as Laboratory Animal Model:

Rhesus Macaque

e. Antigen

MERS-CoV S, E, and M proteins (Wang et al., 2017)

f. Vector:

Recombinant baculovirus (Wang et al., 2017)

g. Immunization Route

Intramuscular injection (i.m.)

h. Macaque Response

Vaccination Protocol: Animals were vaccinated intramuscularly (i.m.) in the gastrocnemius muscle with 250 μg of MERS-CoV VLPs and mixed with 250 μg Alum adjuvant. (Wang et al., 2017)
Immune Response: Induced neutralizing antibodies (titres up to 1:40), RBD-Specific IgG (endpoint titres up to 1:1,280), T-helper 1 cell (Th1)-mediated immunity, production of IFN-γ. (Wang et al., 2017)

13. MERS-CoV-S rNTD vaccine

a. Type:

Subunit vaccine

b. Status:

Research

c. Host Species for Licensed Use:

None

d. Host Species as Laboratory Animal Model:

mouse

e. Antigen

Recombinant N-terminal domain (amino acids 18 - 353) of S1 subunit of S protein. (Chen et al., 2017)

f. Gene Engineering of S from MERS-CoV

Type: Recombinant protein preparation
Description: baculovirus-insect cell sf9-derived recombinant MERS-CoV was used to express rNTD (Chen et al., 2017)
Detailed Gene Information: Click here.

g. Immunization Route

Intramuscular injection (i.m.)

h. Description

neutralizing monoclonal antibodiesagainst MERS-CoV which bind to the N-terminal domain (NTD) of the MERS-CoV S1 subunit (Chen et al., 2017)

i. Mouse Response

Host Strain: Balb/c (Chen et al., 2017)
Vaccination Protocol: 35 μg MERS-CoV rS combined with 150 μL Freund’s complete adjuvant (Sigma, St Louis, CA, USA) via subcutaneous immunization and boosted twice at 2-week intervals beginning three weeks after the initial immunization (Chen et al., 2017)
Immune Response: anti-S protein IgG response and neutralizing activity (Chen et al., 2017)

14. MERS-CoV-S rRBD vaccine

a. Type:

Subunit vaccine

b. Status:

Research

c. Host Species for Licensed Use:

None

d. Host Species as Laboratory Animal Model:

mouse

e. Antigen

Recombinant ribosomal binding site of S1 subunit of S from MERS-COV.(Chen et al., 2017)

f. Gene Engineering of S from MERS-CoV

Type: Recombinant protein preparation
Description: baculovirus-insect cell sf9-derived recombinant MERS-CoV was used to express rRBD (Chen et al., 2017)
Detailed Gene Information: Click here.

g. Immunization Route

Intramuscular injection (i.m.)

h. Description

monoclonal antibody of MERS-CoV, which mapped to a wide range of regions on the spike (S) protein of the virus. In addition to mAbs with neutralizing epitopes located on the receptor-binding domain

i. Mouse Response

Host Strain: Balb/c (Chen et al., 2017)
Vaccination Protocol: 35 μg MERS-CoV rS combined with 150 μL Freund’s complete adjuvant (Sigma, St Louis, CA, USA) via subcutaneous immunization and boosted twice at 2-week intervals beginning three weeks after the initial immunization (Chen et al., 2017)
Immune Response: anti-S protein IgG response and neutralizing activity (Chen et al., 2017)

15. MVA-MERS-S vaccine

a. Type:

Recombinant vector vaccine

b. Status:

Clinical trial

c. Host Species for Licensed Use:

Human

d. Host Species as Laboratory Animal Model:

camel, mouse

e. Antigen

S protein (Song et al., 2013)

f. Vector:

modified vaccinia virus Ankara (rMVA)(Song et al., 2013)

g. Immunization Route

Intramuscular injection (i.m.)

h. Description

recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara (rMVA) vaccine vector carrying full MERS-CoV spike glycoprotein(Koch et al., 2020)

i. Human Response

Vaccination Protocol: 1e7 plaque-forming unit or 1e8 PFU MVA-MERS-S intramuscularly injected at 0 and 28 days (Koch et al., 2020)
Immune Response: Following booster immunization, nine (75%) of 12 participants in the low-dose group and 11 (100%) participants in the high-dose group showed seroconversion using a MERS-CoV S1 ELISA at any timepoint during the study which correlated with MERS-CoV-specific neutralising antibodies (Spearman's correlation r=0·86 [95% CI 0·6960-0·9427], p=0·0001). MERS-CoV spike-specific T-cell responses were detected in ten (83%) of 12 immunised participants in the low-dose group and ten (91%) of 11 immunized participants in the high-dose group. (Koch et al., 2020)
Side Effects: Participants had no severe or serious adverse events. 67 vaccine-related adverse events were reported in ten (71%) of 14 participants in the low-dose group, and 111 were reported in ten (83%) of 12 participants in the high-dose group. Pain (seven at 1e7 vaccinationgroup vs ten 1e8 PFU vaccination group), swelling (two vs eight), induration (one vs nine), fatigue or maliase (ten vs seven) were most common events (Koch et al., 2020)
Description: Phase 1 trial results of MVA-MERS-S showed a benign safety profile

16. MVvac2-CoV-N

a. Type:

Recombinant vector vaccine

b. Status:

Licensed

c. Host Species for Licensed Use:

None

d. Host Species as Laboratory Animal Model:

mouse

e. Antigen

N protein(Bodmer et al., 2018)

f. Vector:

live-attenuated measles virus (MV)(Bodmer et al., 2018)

g. Immunization Route

Intramuscular injection (i.m.)

h. Description

Live-attenuated measles virus (MV) vaccine encoding the MERS-CoV nucleocapsid protein (MERS-N) (Bodmer et al., 2018)

i. Mouse Response

Host Strain: IFNAR−/−-CD46Ge
Vaccination Protocol: Mice were inoculated intraperitoneally (i.p.) with 1 × 10^5 TCID50 of recombinant virus on days 0 and either on day 21 or 28. (Bodmer et al., 2018)
Immune Response: Vaccinated animals exhibited high MV virus neutralizing titers (VNT), production of IFN-γ producing cells. (Bodmer et al., 2018)

17. MVvac2-CoV-S

a. Type:

Recombinant vector vaccine

b. Status:

Research

c. Host Species for Licensed Use:

None

d. Host Species as Laboratory Animal Model:

Mouse

e. Antigen

S protein (Malczyk et al., 2015)

f. Vector:

recombinant measles virus (MV) (Malczyk et al., 2015)

g. Immunization Route

Intraperitoneal injection (i.p.)

h. Description

MVs expressing the spike glycoprotein of MERS-CoV in its full-length cloned into vaccine strain MVvac2 genome and rescued (Malczyk et al., 2015)

i. Mouse Response

Host Strain: IFNAR−/−-CD46Ge
Vaccination Protocol: inoculated intraperitoneally (i.p.) with 1 × 105 TCID50 of recombinant MV(Malczyk et al., 2015)
Immune Response: increased viral neutralizing titers, increased CD8+ T cells with low CFSE (Malczyk et al., 2015)
Challenge Protocol: immunized mice were transduced intranasally (i.n.) on day 63 with 20 μl of an adenovirus vector encoding human DPP4 and mCherry with a final titer of 2.5e8 PFU per inoculum (AdV-hDPP4; ViraQuest Inc.) and challenged i.n. with 20 μl of MERS-CoV at a final titer of 7e4 TCID50 on day 68.(Malczyk et al., 2015)
Efficacy: decreased viral loads, even accounting for fraction of mice where transduction of MERS-CoV failed (~30%) (Malczyk et al., 2015)

18. MVvac2-CoV-solS

a. Type:

Recombinant vector vaccine

b. Status:

Licensed

c. Host Species for Licensed Use:

None

d. Antigen

truncated soluble S protein (Malczyk et al., 2015)

e. Vector:

recombinant measles virus (MV) (Malczyk et al., 2015)

f. Immunization Route

Intraperitoneal injection (i.p.)

g. Description

MVs expressing a soluble, truncated version of spike glycoprotein of MERS-CoV in its full-length cloned into vaccine strain MVvac2 genome and rescued (Malczyk et al., 2015)

h. Mouse Response

Host Strain: IFNAR−/−-CD46Ge
Vaccination Protocol: inoculated intraperitoneally (i.p.) with 1 × 105 TCID50 of recombinant MV(Malczyk et al., 2015)
Immune Response: Immune Response Description: increased viral neutralizing titers, increased CD8+ T cells with low CFSE (Malczyk et al., 2015)
Challenge Protocol: Challenge Protocol: immunized mice were transduced intranasally (i.n.) on day 63 with 20 μl of an adenovirus vector encoding human DPP4 and mCherry with a final titer of 2.5 × 108 PFU per inoculum (AdV-hDPP4; ViraQuest Inc.) and challenged i.n. with 20 μl of MERS-CoV at a final titer of 7 × 104 TCID50 on day 68.(Malczyk et al., 2015)
Efficacy: decreased viral loads, even accounting for fraction of mice where transduction of MERS-CoV failed (~30%) (Malczyk et al., 2015

19. RVΔP-MERS/S1

a. Type:

Recombinant vector vaccine

b. Status:

Licensed

c. Host Species for Licensed Use:

Baboon

d. Antigen

S1 subunit of S protein (Kato et al., 2019)

e. Vector:

replication-incompetent P-gene-deficient rabies virus (RVΔP) (Kato et al., 2019)

f. Immunization Route

Intraperitoneal injection (i.p.)

g. Description

Recombinant RVΔP that expresses S1 fused with transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains together with 14 amino acids from the ectodomains of the RV-glycoprotein (RV-G)(Kato et al., 2019)

h. Mouse Response

Host Strain: BALB/c (Kato et al., 2019)
Vaccination Protocol: All mice were inoculated intraperitoneally with 100 μL of each virus solution containing 107 FFU/mL or PBS, with the day on which mice were inoculated with viruses defined as day 0. (Kato et al., 2019)
Immune Response: increased neutralizing antibody titer for MERS-CoV and rabies virus (Kato et al., 2019)
Description: Safety profile indicated no deaths when inoculated intracerebrally for three weeks with 107 FFU/mL of RVΔP-MERS/S1.

20. VRP-MERS-N vaccine

a. Type:

Viral Like Particle Vaccine

b. Status:

Research

c. Host Species for Licensed Use:

None

d. Host Species as Laboratory Animal Model:

mouse

e. Antigen

N protein (Zhao et al., 2016)

f. Vector:

Venezuelan equine encephalitis replicons (Zhao et al., 2016)

g. Immunization Route

intranasal immunization

h. Description

Venezuelan equine encephalitis replicons bearing epitopes of N protein from MERS(Zhao et al., 2016).Identical to VRP-MERS-N vaccine (Vaccine 5754).

i. Mouse Response

Host Strain: BALB/c
Vaccination Protocol: BALB/c mice vaccinated at 2 μg/ml or 20 μg/ml and boosted with VRP-SARS-N, VRP-SARS-S, or VRP-GFP in the left footpad in 20 μL PBS or intranasally (i.n.) in 50 μL PBS after light anesthesia with isoflurane (Zhao et al., 2016)
Immune Response: Reduced viral titre load, Production of N-specific CD4+ T cells, Production of IFN-γ, Production of CD8+ T cells. (Zhao et al., 2016)
Challenge Protocol: Mice were challenged 4-6 weeks after boosting (Zhao et al., 2016)
Efficacy: protected (Zhao et al., 2016)

21. VRP-SARS-N vaccine

a. Type:

Live, attenuated vaccine

b. Status:

Licensed

c. Host Species for Licensed Use:

None

d. Host Species as Laboratory Animal Model:

mouse

e. Antigen

CD4+ T cell epitope in the nucleocapsid (N) protein of SARS-CoV (N353) (Zhou et al., 2006)

f. Vector:

Venezuelan equine encephalitis replicons (VRP) (Zhao et al., 2016)

g. Immunization Route

intranasal immunization

h. Description

Venezuelan equine encephalitis replicons (VRP) encoding a SARS-CoV CD4+ T cell epitope vaccinated intranasally. Does not have same efficacy if vaccinated subcutaneously (Zhao et al., 2016) Identical to VRP-SARS-N vaccine (Vaccine 5759).

i. Mouse Response

Host Strain: Balb/c
Immune Response: Decreased viral titre, increase in N-specific CD4+ T cells and IFN-γ in lungs, production of IL-10, increased mobilization of CD8+ cells to infected lung. (Zhao et al., 2016)
Efficacy: Protection at 100 pfu, protected at 500 and 1000 PFU doses (Zhao et al., 2016)

22. VSVΔG-MERS vaccine

a. Type:

Recombinant vector vaccine

b. Status:

Research

c. Host Species for Licensed Use:

None

d. Host Species as Laboratory Animal Model:

mouse

e. Antigen

S from MERS-CoV (Liu et al., 2018)

f. Vector:

vesicular stomatitis virus (Liu et al., 2018)

g. Immunization Route

Intramuscular injection (i.m.)

h. Description

Chimeric virus based on the vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) in which the G gene was replaced by MERS-CoV S gene (VSVΔG-MERS) (Liu et al., 2018)

i. Macaque Response

Vaccination Protocol: intramuscularly immunized with 2e7 FFU VSVΔG-MERS (preparation described below) in 2 ml medium via hind limb muscle injection or intranasally immunized with 2e7 FFU VSVΔG-MERS as via nostril instillation under anesthesia (Liu et al., 2018)
Immune Response: recombinant virus induced high level of S protein specific IgG in both groups (Liu et al., 2018)

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