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TiterMax Gold Adjuvant |
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Vaxjo ID |
20 |
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Vaccine Adjuvant Name |
TiterMax Gold Adjuvant |
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Adjuvant VO ID |
VO_0001260
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Description |
TiterMax Gold is a new and improved water-in-oil adjuvant. By developing a new block copolymer and eliminating the silica from the formulation, TiterMax Gold appears to be less toxic and more effective than TiterMax Classic. The optimum volume of TiterMax Gold for an emulsion is twice that of TiterMax Classic (Sigma Aldrich). |
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Stage of Development |
Research |
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Components |
TiterMax Gold Adjuvant contains three essential ingredients: a new block copolymer, CRL-8300, squalene (a metabolizable oil) and a sorbitan monooleate (Sigma Aldrich). |
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Dosage |
As suggested by the manufacturer, in the case of the TiterMax Gold adjuvant (Sigma), each mouse was immunized only once with the antigen emulsified in the adjuvant. Twenty-five microlitres of the emulsion was injected s.c. into each one of the four footpads. The second dose consisted of the soluble antigen injected s.c. at the base of the tail. Control mice received only the diluent PBS and the indicated adjuvant. Mice were bled at the indicated time points, ranging from 3 to up 50 weeks after the first antigen dose, through the tail vein and individual serum samples were stored at −20 ◦C until used. Immunizations were performed at least twice with reproducible results (Rosa et al., 2004). |
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Function |
In 1990, Hunter’s TiterMaxTM formulation #R-l (TM) was introduced, as an alternative adjuvant to Freud's Complete Adjuvant, for the market by CytRx Corp., Norcross, GA. Both FCA and TM utilize the same type of emulsion (water-in-oil) and mode of antigen incorporation (encapsulation in oil with long retention), but they employ different immunomodulators, killed whole Mycobacterium and copolymer CRL89- 41, respectively. Titermax adjuvant protect the antigen from rapid degradation (Allison, 1979; Osebold, 1982). This depot effect prolongs the exposure of antigens to the host’s immune system. The use of deposit agents, oils (paraffin oil for FCA and squalene for TM, respec- tively), facilitates enhanced macrophage phagocytosis. Immune stimulation and augmentation of antigen processing are achieved by killed Mycobacterium tuberculosis in FCA, and the block copolymer in TM (Hunter et al., 1989). Since it contains neither Mycobac- terium nor mineral oil, TM does not induce adjuvant arthritis or the severe systemic granulomatous reactions which are often associated with FCA (Herbert, 1978) (Zhou and Afshar, 1995). |
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Safety |
TiterMax adjuvant at high and low doses caused minor swelling at the inoculation site, but it was not significantly different from the swelling caused by the control vaccine (Robuccio et al., 1995). |
| Related Vaccine(s) |
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| References |
Robuccio et al., 1995: Robuccio JA, Griffith JW, Chroscinski EA, Cross PJ, Light TE, Lang CM. Comparison of the effects of five adjuvants on the antibody response to influenza virus antigen in guinea pigs. Laboratory animal science. 1995; 45(4); 420-426. [PubMed: 7474883].
Rosa et al., 2004: Rosa DS, Tzelepis F, Cunha MG, Soares IS, Rodrigues MM. The pan HLA DR-binding epitope improves adjuvant-assisted immunization with a recombinant protein containing a malaria vaccine candidate. Immunology letters. 2004; 92(3); 259-268. [PubMed: 15081621].
Sigma Aldrich: Sigma Aldrich [http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/ProductDetail.do?D7=0&N5=SEARCH_CONCAT_PNO|BRAND_KEY&N4=T2684|SIGMA&N25=0&QS=ON&F=SPEC]
Zhou and Afshar, 1995: Zhou EM, Afshar A. Comparison of Freund's adjuvant and TiterMax in inducing anti-idiotype to idiotypic antibodies against pseudorabies virus antigens. Veterinary immunology and immunopathology. 1995; 48(1-2); 113-122. [PubMed: 8533307].
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