VIOLIN: Vaccine Investigation and Online Information Network

Community Efforts

Vaccine Ontology: A community-based effort to develop the Vaccine Ontology (VO) for vaccine data standardization and automated reasoning.

To support vaccine safety and registry, the Ontology of Vaccine Adverse Events (OVAE) and Vaccination Informed Consent Ontology (VICO) are also developed.

VIOLIN News >>

01/14/2026: A paper titled "SEA CDM: Study-Experiment-Assay Common Data Model and Databases for Cross-Domain Data Integration and Analysis" (PMID: 41535301) was published in Sci. Data online ahead of print. SEA CDM was used for vaccine immune response studies. See more about SEA CDM: https://sea-cdm.github.io/SEA-CDM/.
07/15/2025: Oliver presented a talk titled "SEA CDM: An Ontology-Based Common Data Model for Standardizing and Integrating Biomedical Experimental Data in Vaccine Research" in ISMB/ECCB 2025 NIH-ELIXIR Session (See more: Here), Liverpool, UK. View: the talk video in YouTube.
07/15/2025: A paper titled "Evaluating the safety of XBB.1.5-containing COVID-19 mRNA vaccines using a self-controlled case series study" (PMID: 40664645, PMCID: PMC12264068) was published in Nature Communications.
2/6/2025: Viral vaccines in VIOLIN was systematically introduced and analyzed for pattern detection, which was published in Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol today.
11/15/2024: A paper titled "Impact of climate change on vaccine responses and inequity", was published in Nature Climate Change.
11/8/2024: A paper titled "Assessing acute kidney injury risk after COVID vaccination and infection in a large cohort study" (PMID: 39516206, PMCID: PMC11549351) was published in npj Vaccines. Congratulations!

Latest Vaccine Publications >>

Enriquez AS, Avalos RD, Parekh D, Cooper CL, Morrow G, Geisbert TW, Parks CL, Hastie KM, Saphire EO. Mapping the antibody response to Lassa virus vaccination of non-human primates EBioMedicine 114:105673 2025 [PMID: 40168843]
Mdluli T, Wollen-Roberts S, Merbah M, Beckman B, Li Y, Alrubayyi A, Curtis DJ, Shubin Z, Barrera MD, Boeckelman J, Duncan S, Thapa P, Kim D, Costanzo MC, Bai H, Dearlove BL, Hooper JW, Kwilas SA, Paquin-Proulx D, Eller MA, Eller LA, Kibuuka H, Mwesigwa B, Kosgei J, Sawe F, Oyieko J, Ntinginya N, Mwakisisile J, Jani I, Viegas E, Iroezindu M, Akintunde A, Paolino K, Robb ML, Ward L, McLean C, Luhn K, Robinson C, Ake JA, Rolland M. Ebola virus vaccination elicits Ebola virus-specific immune responses without substantial cross-reactivity to other filoviruses Science translational medicine 17(792):eadq2496 2025 [PMID: 40173257]

Vaccine News >>

Flu Vaccines Should Not Be This Hard
The Atlantic - Jun 7, 2026
The professor who thinks the shingles vaccine is the key to dementia prevention
The Telegraph - Jun 10, 2026
Older drug reprograms white blood cells, improves blood sugar in type 1 diabetes
Reuters - Jun 10, 2026
Editorial: The bill comes due for vaccine denialism
STLtoday.com - Jun 10, 2026
World’s first AI-designed vaccine explained
The Conversation - Jun 9, 2026

Statistics: The VIOLIN vaccine database contains 6221 vaccines or vaccine candidates for 219 pathogens by manual curation from 5023 peer-reviewed papers. It also contains 24,345 vaccine-related abstracts and 10,317 full text documents.

Please cite this publication for VIOLIN:

He Y, Racz R, Sayers S, Lin Y, Todd T, Hur J, Li X, Patel M, Zhao B, Chung M, Ostrow J, Sylora A, Dungarani P, Ulysse G, Kochhar K, Vidri B, Strait K, Jourdian GW, Xiang Z. Updates on the web-based VIOLIN vaccine database and analysis system. Nucleic Acids Research. 2014. 42 (D1): D1124-D1132. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkt1133. First published online: November 19, 2013. [NAR] [PubMed PMID: 24259431] [PDF] [PMCID: PMC3964998]

Or the previous VIOLIN manuscript:

Zuoshuang Xiang, Thomas Todd, Kim P. Ku, Bethany L. Kovacic, Charles B. Larson, Fang Chen, Andrew P. Hodges, Yuying Tian, Elizabeth A. Olenzek, Boyang Zhao, Lesley A. Colby, Howard G. Rush, Janet R. Gilsdorf, George W. Jourdian, Yongqun He. VIOLIN: Vaccine Investigation and Online Information Network. Nucleic Acids Res. 2008 Jan;36(Database issue):D923-8. [NAR] [PubMed PMID: 18025042] [PMCID: PMC2238972] [PDF].

More publications for citing specific VIOLIN programs