VIOLIN: Vaccine Investigation and Online Information Network

Community Efforts

Vaccine Ontology: A community-based effort to develop the Vaccine Ontology (VO) for vaccine data standardization and automated reasoning.

To support vaccine safety and registry, the Ontology of Vaccine Adverse Events (OVAE) and Vaccination Informed Consent Ontology (VICO) are also developed.

VIOLIN News >>

01/14/2026: A paper titled "SEA CDM: Study-Experiment-Assay Common Data Model and Databases for Cross-Domain Data Integration and Analysis" (PMID: 41535301) was published in Sci. Data online ahead of print. SEA CDM was used for vaccine immune response studies. See more about SEA CDM: https://sea-cdm.github.io/SEA-CDM/.
07/15/2025: Oliver presented a talk titled "SEA CDM: An Ontology-Based Common Data Model for Standardizing and Integrating Biomedical Experimental Data in Vaccine Research" in ISMB/ECCB 2025 NIH-ELIXIR Session (See more: Here), Liverpool, UK. View: the talk video in YouTube.
07/15/2025: A paper titled "Evaluating the safety of XBB.1.5-containing COVID-19 mRNA vaccines using a self-controlled case series study" (PMID: 40664645, PMCID: PMC12264068) was published in Nature Communications.
2/6/2025: Viral vaccines in VIOLIN was systematically introduced and analyzed for pattern detection, which was published in Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol today.
11/15/2024: A paper titled "Impact of climate change on vaccine responses and inequity", was published in Nature Climate Change.
11/8/2024: A paper titled "Assessing acute kidney injury risk after COVID vaccination and infection in a large cohort study" (PMID: 39516206, PMCID: PMC11549351) was published in npj Vaccines. Congratulations!

Latest Vaccine Publications >>

Madden PJ, Marina-Zárate E, Rodrigues KA, Steichen JM, Shil M, Ni K, Michaels KK, Maiorino L, Upadhyay AA, Saha S, Pradhan A, Kalyuzhiny O, Liguori A, Lopez PG, Phung I, Flynn C, Zhou A, Melo MB, Lemnios A, Phelps N, Georgeson E, Alavi N, Kubitz M, Lu D, Eskandarzadeh S, Metz A, Rodriguez OL, Shields K, Schultze S, Smith ML, Healy BS, Lim D, Lewis VR, Ben-Akiva E, Pinney W 3rd, Gregory J, Xiao S, Carnathan DG, Pai Kasturi S, Watson CT, Bosinger SE, Silvestri G, Schief WR, Irvine DJ, Crotty S. Diverse priming outcomes under conditions of very rare precursor B cells Immunity 2025 [PMID: 40168992]
Hudu SA, Jimoh AO, Shinkafi SH, Tahir A, Alshrari AS, Umar MT, Yunusa A, Bello N, Abubakar N. Hepatitis B Vaccine Nonresponse and Associated Risk Factors: Insights From a Cohort Study Journal of tropical medicine 2025:3879562 2025 [PMID: 40181820]

Vaccine News >>

Leading OB-GYN society breaks from CDC on recommended vaccines for pregnant women, including COVID-19
CIDRAP - Jun 10, 2026
AI-designed universal vaccine clears first human trial, targets future coronavirus threats with needle-free delivery
Medical Xpress - Jun 7, 2026
US measles cases pass 2,000 this year as outbreak nears worst in decades
The Guardian - Jun 10, 2026
Measles Cases and Outbreaks
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention | CDC (.gov) - Jun 5, 2026
World's First AI‑Designed Vaccine Tested in Humans For The First Time
ScienceAlert - Jun 9, 2026

Statistics: The VIOLIN vaccine database contains 6221 vaccines or vaccine candidates for 219 pathogens by manual curation from 5023 peer-reviewed papers. It also contains 24,345 vaccine-related abstracts and 10,317 full text documents.

Please cite this publication for VIOLIN:

He Y, Racz R, Sayers S, Lin Y, Todd T, Hur J, Li X, Patel M, Zhao B, Chung M, Ostrow J, Sylora A, Dungarani P, Ulysse G, Kochhar K, Vidri B, Strait K, Jourdian GW, Xiang Z. Updates on the web-based VIOLIN vaccine database and analysis system. Nucleic Acids Research. 2014. 42 (D1): D1124-D1132. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkt1133. First published online: November 19, 2013. [NAR] [PubMed PMID: 24259431] [PDF] [PMCID: PMC3964998]

Or the previous VIOLIN manuscript:

Zuoshuang Xiang, Thomas Todd, Kim P. Ku, Bethany L. Kovacic, Charles B. Larson, Fang Chen, Andrew P. Hodges, Yuying Tian, Elizabeth A. Olenzek, Boyang Zhao, Lesley A. Colby, Howard G. Rush, Janet R. Gilsdorf, George W. Jourdian, Yongqun He. VIOLIN: Vaccine Investigation and Online Information Network. Nucleic Acids Res. 2008 Jan;36(Database issue):D923-8. [NAR] [PubMed PMID: 18025042] [PMCID: PMC2238972] [PDF].

More publications for citing specific VIOLIN programs