VIOLIN: Vaccine Investigation and Online Information Network

Community Efforts

Vaccine Ontology: A community-based effort to develop the Vaccine Ontology (VO) for vaccine data standardization and automated reasoning.

To support vaccine safety and registry, the Ontology of Vaccine Adverse Events (OVAE) and Vaccination Informed Consent Ontology (VICO) are also developed.

VIOLIN News >>

01/14/2026: A paper titled "SEA CDM: Study-Experiment-Assay Common Data Model and Databases for Cross-Domain Data Integration and Analysis" (PMID: 41535301) was published in Sci. Data online ahead of print. SEA CDM was used for vaccine immune response studies. See more about SEA CDM: https://sea-cdm.github.io/SEA-CDM/.
07/15/2025: Oliver presented a talk titled "SEA CDM: An Ontology-Based Common Data Model for Standardizing and Integrating Biomedical Experimental Data in Vaccine Research" in ISMB/ECCB 2025 NIH-ELIXIR Session (See more: Here), Liverpool, UK. View: the talk video in YouTube.
07/15/2025: A paper titled "Evaluating the safety of XBB.1.5-containing COVID-19 mRNA vaccines using a self-controlled case series study" (PMID: 40664645, PMCID: PMC12264068) was published in Nature Communications.
2/6/2025: Viral vaccines in VIOLIN was systematically introduced and analyzed for pattern detection, which was published in Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol today.
11/15/2024: A paper titled "Impact of climate change on vaccine responses and inequity", was published in Nature Climate Change.
11/8/2024: A paper titled "Assessing acute kidney injury risk after COVID vaccination and infection in a large cohort study" (PMID: 39516206, PMCID: PMC11549351) was published in npj Vaccines. Congratulations!

Latest Vaccine Publications >>

Closs G Jr, Bhandari M, Helmy YA, Kathayat D, Lokesh D, Jung K, Suazo ID, Srivastava V, Deblais L, Rajashekara G. The probiotic Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG supplementation reduces Salmonella load and modulates growth, intestinal morphology, gut microbiota, and immune responses in chickens Infection and immunity :e0042024 2025 [PMID: 40172512]
Surie D, Yuengling KA, Safdar B, Ginde AA, Peltan ID, Brown SM, Gaglani M, Ghamande S, Gottlieb RL, Columbus C, Mohr NM, Gibbs KW, Hager DN, O'Rourke M, Gong MN, Mohamed A, Johnson NJ, Steingrub JS, Khan A, Duggal A, Wilson JG, Qadir N, Chang SY, Mallow C, Busse LW, Felzer J, Kwon JH, Exline MC, Vaughn IA, Ramesh M, Lauring AS, Martin ET, Mosier JM, Harris ES, Baughman A, Swan SA, Johnson CA, Blair PW, Lewis NM, Ellington S, Rutkowski RE, Zhu Y, Self WH, Dawood FS. Patient- and Community-Level Characteristics Associated With Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccination JAMA network open 8(4):e252841 2025 [PMID: 40168024]

Vaccine News >>

Flu Vaccines Should Not Be This Hard
The Atlantic - Jun 7, 2026
Message by the Director of the Department of Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals at WHO - May 2026
World Health Organization (WHO) - Jun 9, 2026
World’s first AI-designed vaccine explained
The Conversation - Jun 9, 2026
AI-designed universal coronavirus vaccine passes first human trial
ScienceDaily - Jun 5, 2026
'World-first' vaccine designed by artificial intelligence
BBC - Jun 4, 2026

Statistics: The VIOLIN vaccine database contains 6221 vaccines or vaccine candidates for 219 pathogens by manual curation from 5023 peer-reviewed papers. It also contains 24,345 vaccine-related abstracts and 10,317 full text documents.

Please cite this publication for VIOLIN:

He Y, Racz R, Sayers S, Lin Y, Todd T, Hur J, Li X, Patel M, Zhao B, Chung M, Ostrow J, Sylora A, Dungarani P, Ulysse G, Kochhar K, Vidri B, Strait K, Jourdian GW, Xiang Z. Updates on the web-based VIOLIN vaccine database and analysis system. Nucleic Acids Research. 2014. 42 (D1): D1124-D1132. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkt1133. First published online: November 19, 2013. [NAR] [PubMed PMID: 24259431] [PDF] [PMCID: PMC3964998]

Or the previous VIOLIN manuscript:

Zuoshuang Xiang, Thomas Todd, Kim P. Ku, Bethany L. Kovacic, Charles B. Larson, Fang Chen, Andrew P. Hodges, Yuying Tian, Elizabeth A. Olenzek, Boyang Zhao, Lesley A. Colby, Howard G. Rush, Janet R. Gilsdorf, George W. Jourdian, Yongqun He. VIOLIN: Vaccine Investigation and Online Information Network. Nucleic Acids Res. 2008 Jan;36(Database issue):D923-8. [NAR] [PubMed PMID: 18025042] [PMCID: PMC2238972] [PDF].

More publications for citing specific VIOLIN programs